腹膜透析患者血清白蛋白与体液负荷的关系

目的:血清白蛋白是影响透析患者预后的重要危险因素之一,而且与新发生及复发的心血管并发症及死亡率关系密切。近年发现低白蛋白血症可能更多与容量负荷过度及炎症等有关。因此,拟对腹膜透析患者中血清白蛋白与体液负荷的关系进行分析。方法:对CAPD患者,实行限制水钠摄入治疗2个月,测定患者治疗前后的体重、容量指标及血清白蛋白水平,收集患者治疗前后血压、24h尿量和超滤量等相关资料。结果:CAPD患者35例。经严格的控制水钠摄入治疗后,有26名患者体重明显减轻,从(62.2±8.8)kg减至(60.2±8.2)kg(P=0.000),细胞外液(ECW)从(16.23±2.95)L降至(14.96±2.64)L(P=0.000),而血清白蛋白水平则从(34.9±3.5)g/L升高到(37.3±3.7)g/L(P=0.003),患者自我感觉明显改善;9名患者体重无改善,平均增加(1.1±1.1)kg,ECW增加(0.68±1.28)L,血清白蛋白降低(2.1±2.3)g/L;所有患者24小时尿量和超滤量没有统计学意义上的差别。血清白蛋白变化与各项容量指标的变化间均存在线性相关(P<0.05)。结论:血清白蛋白的变化与患者体液状况的变化显著负相关。严格控制患者的水钠摄入是控制患者容量负荷过多、提高血清白蛋白水平的有效方法,患者对水钠控制的依从性将影响治疗的效果。     

Lung dosimetry for radioiodine treatment planning in the case of diffuse lung metastases.

The lungs are the most frequent sites of distant metastasis in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Radioiodine treatment planning for these patients is usually performed following the Benua-Leeper method, which constrains the administered activity to 2.96 GBq (80 mCi) whole-body retention at 48 h after administration to prevent lung toxicity in the presence of iodine-avid lung metastases. This limit was derived from clinical experience, and a dosimetric analysis of lung and tumor absorbed dose would be useful to understand the implications of this limit on toxicity and tumor control. Because of highly nonuniform lung density and composition as well as the nonuniform activity distribution when the lungs contain tumor nodules, Monte Carlo dosimetry is required to estimate tumor and normal lung absorbed dose. Reassessment of this toxicity limit is also appropriate in light of the contemporary use of recombinant thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone) (rTSH) to prepare patients for radioiodine therapy. In this work we demonstrated the use of MCNP, a Monte Carlo electron and photon transport code, in a 3-dimensional (3D) imaging-based absorbed dose calculation for tumor and normal lungs. METHODS: A pediatric thyroid cancer patient with diffuse lung metastases was administered 37 MBq of (131)I after preparation with rTSH. SPECT/CT scans were performed over the chest at 27, 74, and 147 h after tracer administration. The time-activity curve for (131)I in the lungs was derived from the whole-body planar imaging and compared with that obtained from the quantitative SPECT methods. Reconstructed and coregistered SPECT/CT images were converted into 3D density and activity probability maps suitable for MCNP4b input. Absorbed dose maps were calculated using electron and photon transport in MCNP4b. Administered activity was estimated on the basis of the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of 27.25 Gy to the normal lungs. Computational efficiency of the MCNP4b code was studied with a simple segmentation approach. In addition, the Benua-Leeper method was used to estimate the recommended administered activity. The standard dosing plan was modified to account for the weight of this pediatric patient, where the 2.96-GBq (80 mCi) whole-body retention was scaled to 2.44 GBq (66 mCi) to give the same dose rate of 43.6 rad/h in the lungs at 48 h. RESULTS: Using the MCNP4b code, both the spatial dose distribution and a dose-volume histogram were obtained for the lungs. An administered activity of 1.72 GBq (46.4 mCi) delivered the putative MTD of 27.25 Gy to the lungs with a tumor absorbed dose of 63.7 Gy. Directly applying the Benua-Leeper method, an administered activity of 3.89 GBq (105.0 mCi) was obtained, resulting in tumor and lung absorbed doses of 144.2 and 61.6 Gy, respectively, when the MCNP-based dosimetry was applied. The voxel-by-voxel calculation time of 4,642.3 h for photon transport was reduced to 16.8 h when the activity maps were segmented into 20 regions. CONCLUSION: MCNP4b-based, patient-specific 3D dosimetry is feasible and important in the dosimetry of thyroid cancer patients with avid lung metastases that exhibit prolonged retention in the lungs.     

人乳头瘤病毒在宫颈癌前病变诊断中的意义

目的用人乳头瘤病毒杂交捕获法（hc2 HPV DNA）监测宫颈癌前病变,提高诊断率。方法hc2 HPV DNA和TCT两种方法并用检测1231例宫颈外口及颈管脱落细胞。结果1231例样本中,HPV感染率34．0％,而21～40岁年龄段略高于其他年龄段;宫颈鳞状上皮正常HPV感染率23．2％。在细胞学诊断为ASC-us、ASC-h、LSIL和HSIL组中,HPV感染率依次为50．0％、58．8％、76．7％和93．3％。TCT检测：正常＋炎症1077例;asc-us 32例;ASC-h 34例;LSIL 73例,HSIL 15例。ASC-us、ASC-h、LSIL和HSIL检出率分别为2．6％、2．8％、5．9％和1．2％。统计学检验表明：HPV感染与细胞形态和结构的异常具有高度相关性（P〈0．01）。结论在宫颈鳞状上皮正常时HPV感染率最低,重度炎症时HPV感染率出现增高的趋势;当细胞形态和结构出现异常时,HPV的感染率明显增加,即HSIL〉15IL〉ASC-h〉ASC-us〉正常＋炎症。     

根除Hp对高原地区Hp相关性慢性胃炎病理变迁和溃疡转归的影响

目的:观察根除幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染对高原地区Hp相关性慢性胃炎病理变迁和溃疡转归的短期影响。方法:对Hp阳性的37例慢性胃炎和30例溃疡患者均给予以洛赛克为中心加两种抗生素的三联一周疗法,停药一月后复查Hp并观察胃镜和病理组织学变化,与根除Hp治疗前进行对比分析,同时统计Hp根除组和未根除组溃疡的愈合率。结果:37例慢性胃炎中32例Hp被根除,30例溃疡中14例Hp被根除(2例未复查),平均Hp根除率70.77%;Hp根除前慢性胃炎组中有19例胃炎活动,治疗后16例Hp被根除,根除者胃炎活动完全消退,消退率100%,而3例Hp未根除者仅1例胃炎活动完全消退,消退率33.33%(P<0.05);28例溃疡在Hp根除治疗前均有胃炎活动的病理组织学改变,14例Hp根除者中,13例胃炎活动完全消退,消退率92.86%,14例Hp未根除者中,只有6例胃炎活动完全消退,消退率42.86%(P<0.05);所有的慢性胃炎和溃疡患者胃窦粘膜均有不同程度的萎缩、肠化和异型增生,两组Hp根除前后其上述病理组织学变化均无明显改善(P>0.05);Hp根除组溃疡全部愈合,愈合率达100%,未根除组只有8例愈合,愈合率为57.14%,两组比较Hp根除组溃疡愈合率显著高于未根除组(P<0.05)。结论:根除Hp感染可使绝大部分胃炎的活动性消退,并可明显提高溃疡的愈合率,而Hp根除后短时间内无慢性胃炎(萎缩、肠化、异型增生)逆转的病理组织学表现,需长期随访观察。     

高原地区Hp相关性胃癌前病变患者血清6种细胞因子水平的变化

目的:观察青海高原地区幽门螺杆菌(Hp)相关性胃癌前病变患者血清Th1/Th2细胞因子(IL-1β、IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-8、TNF)水平变化,以探讨其在发病中的可能免疫致病机制。方法:应用放免法(RIA)测定25例慢性萎缩性胃炎(CAG)、17例肠化生(IM)、15例异型增生(Dys)患者血清IL-1β、IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-8、TNF的含量。比较Hp感染与非感染胃癌前病变患者之间;Hp感染CAG炎症活动与非活动患者之间;Hp感染CAG、IM、Dys患者之间血清6种细胞因子含量的差别。结果:Hp感染与非感染胃癌前病变患者之间6种细胞因子含量均无显著性差别(P>0.05);Hp感染CAG炎症活动者血清IL-4含量显著低于非活动者(P<0.05);IM和Dys者均非常显著低于CAG(P<0.01),IL-2在Dys组显著高于CAG(P<0.05)。结论:本地区Hp相关性胃癌前病变中存在血清Th1/Th2失衡,表现为随着胃癌前病变的逐级加重,T淋巴细胞高表达IL-2伴随IL-4低表达现象。     

Clinical Characteristics and Controllable Risk Factors of Osteoporosis in Elderly Men with Diabetes Mellitus

ObjectiveTo analyze the clinical characteristics and controllable risk factors of osteoporosis in elderly men with type‐2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsA total of 250 elderly OP patients with T2DM were included in the present study. Patients with one or more common chronic diseases (including hypertension, coronary heart disease, heart failure, chronic bronchitis, chronic nephrosis, and cirrhosis), and a course of more than 3 years were defined as complicated with chronic diseases. Blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, low‐density lipoprotein, high‐density lipoprotein, calcium, phosphorus, glycosylated hemoglobin, urea nitrogen, creatinine, fasting insulin, liver function, and 25‐hydroxy vitamin D3 levels were measured. Bone mineral density was also measured.ResultsA total of 16 patients (6.4%) had severe osteoporosis. Furthermore, 66 patients (26.4%) had blood glucose control that reached the standard, while 176 patients (70.4%) used more than two anti‐diabetic drugs. The serum testosterone level was lower than the median in 87 patients (34.8%) and in 56 smokers (22.4%). Furthermore, 138 patients (55.2%) were overweight and obese, six patients (2.4%) were underweight, 197 patients (78.8%) had chronic diseases, 88 patients (35.2%) were sticking to exercise, and 117 patients (46.8%) had less exercise. In addition, 92 patients (36.8%) were treated with osteotrophy‐protective agents, and 24 patients (9.6%) received anti‐osteoporosis therapy. Smoking, poor glycemic control, low testosterone levels, less exercise, and complications with chronic diseases were the most relevant controllable risk factors.ConclusionFor elderly male osteoporosis patients with type‐2 diabetes, smoking cessation, blood sugar control up to the standard, regular exercise, active prevention and treatment of complications, and appropriate testosterone supplementation are necessary for preventing and curing osteoporosis.     

Tacrolimus versus cyclophosphamide for patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy and treated with steroids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BackgroundThe therapeutic effects of tacrolimus (TAC) versus cyclophosphamide (CTX) were not fully illustrated for patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN).MethodsThe PubMed, EmBase, Cochrane library, and CNKI were systematically searched throughout March 2020 for randomized controlled trials evaluating the therapeutic effects of TAC versus CTX for IMN patients treated with steroids. The pooled relative risks (RRs) and weighted mean differences (WMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the random-effects model.ResultsTwelve trials recruited a total of 868 IMN patients were identified and contained in final meta-analysis. Patients in TAC group was associated with an increased incidence of overall remission (12 trials: 868 patients; RR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.11–1.31; p < 0.001) and complete remission (12 trials: 868 patients; RR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.25–1.80; p < 0.001). Moreover, we noted TAC therapy significantly reduced urinary protein excretion (9 trials: 567 patients; WMD: −1.06; 95%CI: −1.41 to −0.71; p < 0.001), and increased serum albumin (9 trials: 567 patients; WMD: 5.37; 95%CI: 2.97 to 7.77; p < 0.001) than CTX therapy. Furthermore, no significant difference between TAC and CTX for serum creatinine was detected (6 trials: 378 patients; WMD: 0.15; 95%CI: −3.46 to 3.75; p = 0.936). Finally, the risk of alopecia (p = 0.008), infection (p = 0.045), leukocytosis (p = 0.002), and elevated ALT/AST (p = 0.011) in TAC group was significantly lower than CTX group, whereas TAC was associated with an increased risk of tremor than CTX (p = 0.010).ConclusionsThis study found IMN patients treated with TAC combined with steroids provides a better therapeutic effect and less adverse events than those treated with CTX combined with steroids, with moderate-certainty evidence.     

肝脏移植术后普乐可复的应用

目的　观察肝移植术后应用普乐可复(FK5 0 6 )进行免疫抑制治疗的临床效果和毒副作用。方法　 36例患者肝移植术后使用以FK5 0 6为基础的三联免疫抑制方案 ,即FK5 0 6 霉酚酸酯(MMF) 皮质激素 ,其中 2 4例采用赛尼哌抗体诱导疗法。结果　 36例中发生急性排斥反应 3例 ,经甲泼尼龙 (MP)和OKT3单克隆抗体治疗后逆转。FK5 0 6的副作用主要有神经系统功能紊乱 (40 0 %)、高血压(13 3%)、血糖升高(2 6 7%)及肝功能不良(6 7%)。结论　普乐可复是一种强效的免疫抑制剂。由于治疗窗狭窄 ,它的用药剂量应根据药物谷值浓度进行调整 ,而且用药要个体化。     

重型肝炎肝脏移植术前人工肝支持系统的应用

目的　探讨人工肝支持系统在重型肝炎肝移植术前的应用价值。方法　患者通过股静脉内单针双腔导管置管建立血管通道 ,将P1S血分离器、HA血液灌流器安装在血液净化装置上进行血浆置换和血液灌流。每次血浆置换量 30 0 0～40 0 0ml,平均为 32 0 0ml,白蛋白 2 0g。体外循环时 ,肝素平均剂量为 2 5mg,鱼精蛋白平均剂量为 2 5mg。置换血流量在 10 0～ 15 0ml/min,分离血浆速度平均 2 6ml/min ,每次治疗时间平均 12 0min。结果　接受人工肝支持系统治疗后TB、DB、ALT、AST、NH3 等肝功能指标获得明显改善。结论　人工肝支持系统能纠正术前患者内环境失衡 ,有效排除体内毒性物质的积聚 ,为等待供肝及移植手术创造最佳时机和条件。