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81.
Summary The behavioral effects of JB 329 (Ditran) were compared with those of several anticholinergic agents in rats.The tertiary nitrogen-containing compounds (i.e. JB 329, JB 336, atropine, scopolamine) caused an increase in their spontaneous motor activity, decrease in food and water intake and an over-all decrease in the response in the various phases of the multiple schedules of reinforcement (i.e. shock avoidance, fixed-ratio water reinforcement, and time-out). The potency of JB 329 was similar to that of scopolamine and greater than that of JB 336. Atropine was 10 or more times less potent than scopolamine.The quaternary analogues of these drugs showed similar, though very slight, and sometimes reverse effects. The site of action of the tertiary compounds thus appears to be central.Supported by a General Research Support grant and a grant No. UI 00472 from the U. S. Public Health Service. 相似文献
82.
Spectrum of holoprosencephaly 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Objective : To conduct a clinical study of holoprosencephaly (HPE).Method : Thirteen cases of HPE were studied regarding their clinical features, family history, and prenatal and imaging studies.
Chromosomal analysis was done whenever fresh sample was available.Results : Six cases were antenatally detected by ultrasound; four cases were stillborn. Three cases were identified by neuroimaging
done a part of evaluation of developmental delay or cleft lip. Eleven of them had facial anomalies characteristics of HPE.
Two of these had subtle facial features and microcephaly. Karyotype was abnormal in 2 of 7 cases studied.Conclusion : Most of the cases of HPE present antenatally or at birth. Milder forms like lobar and semilobar can present as developmental
delay during infancy. Facial anomalies are usually associated with HPE. Chromosomal study of the case and clinical examination
of the parents is essential for providing information regarding risk of recurrence to the family. 相似文献
83.
84.
Increased incidence of cytoplasmic ANCA (cANCA) and other autoantibodies in leprosy patients from western India 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The prevalence of various autoantibodies was studied in 75 leprosy patients comprising eight patients with lepromatous leprosy (LL), 36 patients with borderline lepromatous leprosy (BL) and 31 patients with borderline tuberculoid leprosy (BT), along with 100 normal controls. Certain autoantibodies such as anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-single stranded DNA (anti-ssDNA) and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) were raised among leprosy patients. When ANCA specificities to anti-myeloperoxidase (anti-MPO), anti-proteinase3 (anti-PR3) and anti-lactoferrin (anti-LF) were studied, it was found that the patterns of immunofluorescence such as perinuclear (p-ANCA), cytoplasmic (c-ANCA) and atypical (X-ANCA) and specificity by ELISA to anti-MPO, anti-PR3 and anti-LF varied in the LL, BL and BT groups. However, a higher amount of c-ANCA was observed in 62.5% of leprosy cases, while the incidences of p-ANCA and X-ANCA were lower. The LL group showed a higher incidence of autoantibodies as compared with the BL and BT groups, along with a male preponderance for autoantibody development. Some unusual antibody profiles such as 'X'-ANCA were also observed. The study suggests that autoantibody formation could be quite prevalent and also variable in the spectrum of leprosy cases, and there seems to be a serological overlap among leprosy and autoimmune disease, which could have pathogenetic importance in the leprosy patients developing complications. 相似文献
85.
Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF) attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complexes composed of target (t-) SNAREs syntaxin and SNAP-25 and vesicle SNARE synaptobrevin play an essential role in neurosecretion. It is hypothesized that a transient intermediate complex between the t-SNAREs is formed during the assembly of the ternary complex. The existence of the t-SNARE binary complexes in vivo, however, has not been demonstrated. By using an affinity absorption scheme with preformed syntaxin-SNAP-25 complexes, we isolated antibodies capable of distinguishing free SNAP-25 from those associated with syntaxin. By semiquantitative immunohistochemistry, we estimated that, in cultured cerebellar neurons, the majority of SNAP-25 existed as complexes. Compared with the cultured neurons, PC12 cells expressed significantly less syntaxin, and we found that SNAP-25 was primarily in free forms. In contrast, a PC12 line that stably expressed a recombinant syntaxin showed a marked increase in SNAP-25 complexes. By using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) techniques, we observed FRET between cyan fluorescence protein-syntaxin and yellow fluorescence protein-SNAP-25 fusion proteins expressed in COS-7 and PC12 cells, suggesting a physiological interaction between syntaxin and SNAP-25. Our results demonstrate that, unlike what was previously hypothesized, syntaxin and SNAP-25 exist preferably as stable binary complexes in neurons. These findings offer novel insight into the mechanisms underlying the initiation and regulation of SNARE complex assembly. 相似文献
86.
Regmi SK Pokharel A Ojha SP Pradhan SN Chapagain G 《International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England)》2004,16(1-2):142-149
The Kingdom of Nepal is situated in the heart of Asia, between its two big neighbours China and India. Nepal is home to several ethnic groups. The majority of the 23 million population reside in the countryside. Although figures on many of the health and socio-economic indicators are non-existing, some existing ones show gradual improvement over the years. However the figures for illiteracy and infant mortality are still one of the highest in the world. As per GDP, and population living below the poverty line and per capita income, Nepal still remains one of the poorest countries in the world. Despite this, it provides shelter to thousands of Bhutanese refugees in its land. Frequent natural disasters and recent violent conflicts in Nepal have further added hardship to life. Less than 3% of the national budget is allocated to the health sector. Mental health receives insignificant attention. The Government spends about 1% of the health budget on mental health. There is no mental health act and the National Mental Health Policy formulated in 1997 is yet to be fully operational. Mental ill health is not much talked about because of the stigma attached. The roles of the legal and insurance systems are almost negligible. The financial burden rests upon the family. The traditional/religious healing methods still remain actively practiced, specifically in the field of mental health. The service, comprising little more than two-dozen psychiatrists along with a few psychiatric nurses and clinical psychologists (mainly practicing in modern health care facilities) has started showing its impact--however this is limited to specific urban areas. The majority of the modern health care facilities across the country are devoid of a mental health facility. The main contextual challenges for mental health in Nepal are the provision of adequate manpower, spreading the services across the country, increasing public awareness and formulating and implementing an adequate policy. 相似文献
87.
Retinal,ophthalmic, or ocular migraine 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ocular migraine, an uncommon cause of transient monocular visual loss, is an entity physicians should be able to recognize
in order to provide appropriate treatment and to avoid unnecessary testing. The following text provides an overview of ocular
migraine, including discussion of accepted terminology, clinical presentation, and pathophysiology. An ocular and systemic
differential diagnosis, appropriate evaluation, therapy, and prognosis are also discussed. 相似文献
88.
Kamra P Azad R Prasad KN Jha S Pradhan S Gupta RK 《The British journal of radiology》2004,77(917):387-394
The study was performed with the aim of prospectively characterizing infectious meningitis of different aetiology using magnetization transfer (MT) MRI. Spin-echo (SE) T(1), T(2) and pre- and post-contrast T(1) weighted MT images in 100 patients with aetiologically proven meningitis were evaluated for the visibility and enhancement of the meninges on pre- and post-contrast T(1) weighted MT images, respectively. The MT ratio (MTR) was calculated from the thickened meninges in tuberculous meningitis. In addition, the percentage difference in the mean signal intensity (SI) of the meninges and adjacent brain parenchyma was calculated and compared between different groups using 2-tailed student's t-test. T(1) weighted MT images were highly sensitive (96%) in the detection of abnormal meningeal enhancement. Meninges were visible on pre-contrast T(1) weighted MT images only in patients with tuberculous meningitis. The MTR from meninges in tuberculous infection was 19.10+/-1.02, and the percentage difference in the mean SI of the meninges and the adjacent T(2) normal brain parenchyma was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the tuberculous group compared with that in the non-tuberculous group. MT MRI is an important technique for the detection and characterization of infectious meningitis of different aetiology. Visibility of the meninges on pre-contrast T(1) weighted MT images may be considered highly suggestive of tuberculous meningitis. 相似文献
89.
A randomised trial of povidone-iodine to reduce visual impairment from corneal ulcers in rural Nepal
Katz J Khatry SK Thapa MD Schein OD Kimbrough Pradhan E LeClerq SC West KP 《The British journal of ophthalmology》2004,88(12):1487-1492
AIM: To assess whether povidone-iodine provided any benefit over and above a standard regimen of antibiotic therapy for the treatment of corneal ulcers. METHODS: All patients diagnosed with corneal ulcers presenting for care at a primary eye care clinic in rural Nepal were randomised to a standard protocol of antibiotic therapy versus standard therapy plus 2.5% povidone-iodine every 2 hours for 2 weeks. The main outcomes were corrected visual acuity and presence, size, and position of corneal scarring in the affected eye at 2-4 months following treatment initiation. RESULTS: 358 patients were randomised and 81% were examined at follow up. The two groups were comparable before treatment. At follow up, 3.9% in the standard therapy and 6.9% in the povidone-iodine group had corrected visual acuity worse than 20/400 (relative risk (RR) 1.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.62 to 5.03). 9.4% in the standard therapy and 13.1% in the povidone-iodine group had corrected visual acuity worse than 20/60 (RR 1.39, 95% CI 0.71 to 2.77), and 17.0% and 18.8% had scars in the visual axis in each of these groups, respectively (RR 1.11, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.82). CONCLUSIONS: A small proportion of patients with corneal ulceration treated in this setting had poor visual outcomes. The addition of povidone-iodine to standard antibiotic therapy did not improve visual outcomes, although this design was unable to assess whether povidone-iodine on its own would have resulted in comparable visual outcomes to that of standard therapy. 相似文献
90.