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11.
Diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection with different subtypes using rapid tests
Phillips S Granade TC Pau CP Candal D Hu DJ Parekh BS 《Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology》2000,7(4):698-699
We evaluated six rapid tests for their sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection using 241 specimens (172 HIV-1 positive, 69 HIV-1 negative) representing different HIV-1 subtypes (A [n = 40], B [n = 47], C [n = 28], E [n = 42], and F [n = 7]). HIVCHEK, Multispot, RTD and SeroStrip were 100% sensitive and specific. Capillus failed to identify two of eight subtype C specimens (overall sensitivity of 98. 85%), while the SUDS test (the only test approved by the Food and Drug Administration) gave false-positive results for 5 of 69 seronegative specimens (specificity of 93.24%). Our results suggest that although rapid tests perform well in general, it may be prudent to evaluate a rapid test for sensitivity and specificity in a local population prior to its widespread use. 相似文献
12.
The impact of heroin on frontal executive functions. 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Charles W H Pau Tatia M C Lee Shui-fun F Chan 《Archives of clinical neuropsychology》2002,17(7):663-670
Our study examined the impact of heroin on frontal executive functioning in three cognitive domains, namely attention, impulse control, and mental flexibility and abstract reasoning. It was hypothesized that heroin addiction would lead to deficits in these three cognitive domains. Fifty-five participants, 30 heroin addicts, and 25 normal controls were invited to participate in this study. Each participant was individually interviewed for demographic data and tested by the selected neuropsychological measures. The findings indicate that heroin addiction has a negative effect on impulse control, while attention and mental flexibility/abstract reasoning ability were not affected. 相似文献
13.
This article presents an explanation and critique of the rationale for dropping passive-aggressive personality disorder (PAPD) from DSM-IV. The clinical and research literature on PAPD is reviewed along with the historical changes in definition, diagnostic criteria, and usage. PAPD can be reliably diagnosed, is fairly prevalent, and has good internal consistency. Because PAPD is no less valid than other personality disorders, and describes clinical phenomena that are unique among personality disorders, we recommend the reinstatement of PAPD in the official diagnostic nomenclature. 相似文献
14.
Co-occurrence of mood and personality disorders: a report from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study (CLPS) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Skodol AE Stout RL McGlashan TH Grilo CM Gunderson JG Shea MT Morey LC Zanarini MC Dyck IR Oldham JM 《Depression and anxiety》1999,10(4):175-182
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of subtypes and particular clinical features of mood disorders to co-occurrence with specific personality disorders. Five hundred and seventy-one subjects recruited for the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study (CLPS) were assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) and the Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (DIPD-IV). Percent co-occurrence rates for current and lifetime mood disorders with personality disorders were calculated. Logistic regression analyses examined the effects of clinical characteristics of depressive disorders (e.g., age at onset, recurrence, symptom severity, double depression, and atypical features) on personality disorder co-occurrence. In comparison with other DSM-IV personality disorders, avoidant, borderline, and dependent personality disorders (PDs) were most specifically associated with mood disorders, particularly depressive disorders. Severity and recurrence of major depressive disorder and comorbid dysthymic disorder predicted co-occurrence with borderline and to a lesser extent research criteria depressive personality disorders. The results are consistent with the view that a mood disorder with an insidious onset and recurrence, chronicity, and progression in severity leads to a personality disorder diagnosis in young adults. 相似文献
15.
PURPOSE: We reviewed the quality and usefulness of single shot intraoperative excretory urography (IVP) for evaluating suspected upper urinary tract trauma at our trauma center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1990 and 1997 single shot intraoperative IVP for staging renal injuries was performed in 50 patients in whom clinical instability and/or major associated injuries mandated an intraoperative study. Contrast material (2 ml/kg) was injected intravenously and images were obtained after 10 minutes. The quality and usefulness of each study were scored by a single attending urologist on a scale of 1-worst to 5-best. RESULTS: Intraoperative study quality was generally good (average score 3.84). The information obtained was generally considered useful for determining urological treatment (average score 3.96). In 16 patients (32%) intraoperative IVP findings safely obviated renal exploration. No contrast medium reactions were noted and no complications developed that were attributable to intraoperative IVP. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative single shot, high dose IVP is safe, efficient and of high quality in the majority of cases when performed as recommended. This study often provides important information that facilitates rapid and accurate decision-making. Intraoperative IVP is a useful tool for guiding the exploration of penetrating renal injuries and confirming blunt renal injuries that may be safely observed. 相似文献
16.
Radiographic staging of renal injuries 总被引:12,自引:1,他引:11
Radiographic staging of renal injuries is the orderly process of establishing an immediate diagnosis so as to expedite effective
treatment. Adult patients with gross hematuria or microhematuria associated with shock should undergo urgent imaging. Computerized
tomography (CT scan) is the study of choice for evaluation of stable adult and pediatric patients with suspected renal trauma.
Those in need of immediate surgical intervention are best evaluated by one-shot intravenous pyelogram (IVP) to determine the
extent of the injured kidney and to document the normal function of the contralateral unit. Successful management of renal
trauma is guided to a major degree by appropriate renal imaging. 相似文献
17.
Sanna E Pau D Tuveri F Massa F Maciocco E Acquas C Floris C Fontana SN Maira G Biggio G 《Arzneimittel-Forschung》1999,49(2):88-95
The thienobenzodiazepine derivative etizolam (CAS 40054-69-1, 6-(o-chlorophenyl)-8-ethyl-1-methyl-4H-s-triazolo-(3,4-c)thienol(1 ,4) diazepine) is a potent anxiolytic with a pharmacological profile similar to that of classical benzodiazepines. In order to rationalize the therapeutic use of etizolam, its pharmacodynamics properties on GABAA receptors were investigated by a comparative study with other ligands on human recombinant GABAA as well as rat brain native receptors. Etizolam inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner [3H]flunitrazepam (CAS 1622-62-4) binding to rat cortical membranes, with an affinity of 4.5 nmol/l greater than that of alprazolam (CAS 28981-97-7) (7.9 nmol/l). Ethizolam enhanced GABA-induced Cl- currents in oocytes expressing human cloned GABAA receptors. With alpha 1 beta 2 gamma 2S subunit combination, etizolam produced a 73% increase in GABA-induced currents with an EC50 of 92 nmol/l. At the same receptor type, alprazolam showed a higher degree of potentiation and potency (98%, EC50 56 nmol/l). At alpha 2 beta 2 gamma 2S or alpha 3 beta 2 gamma 2S subunit constructs, the effects of etizolam were similar to those of alprazolam. Flumazenil (CAS 78755-81-4) completely blocked both etizolam and alprazolam effects on GABA-induced currents. Etizolam, administered i.p., was uneffective in changing ex vivo t-[35S]butylbicyclophosphorothionate ([35S]-TBPS) binding to rat cerebral cortex, whereas alprazolam and abecarnil (CAS 111841-85-1) significantly reduced this parameter. However, etizolam similarly to abecarnil and alprazolam, antagonized isoniazid-induced increase (61%) in [35S]-TBPS binding to rat cortical membranes. Further, etizolam inhibited in a dose-dependent manner basal acetylcholine release from both hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and reversed foot-shock-induced increase of basal acetylcholine release to a control level. Altogether, these results suggest that etizolam may have a reduced intrinsic activity, at least at specific subpopulations of GABAA receptors. This property, together with the pharmacokinetic indication of a short-acting drug, may characterize etizolam as a ligand endowed with less side-effects typical of full agonits such as diazepam (CAS 439-14-5) and alprazolam. Finally, given its marked efficacy under conditions of GABAergic deficit, etizolam may represent a possible drug of choice with reduced liability to produce tolerance and dependence after long-term treatment of anxiety and stress syndromes. 相似文献
18.
Purpose
Buccal mucosa has been used increasingly by urologists for urethral substitution in complex hypospadias repair. We have found buccal mucosa to be useful in reconstruction of bulbar urethral strictures, and describe a simple and reliable technique for harvest.Materials and Methods
In 11 patients with refractory bulbar urethral strictures a nontubularized onlay patch of buccal mucosa was used for urethral reconstruction. All procedures were done with a 2-team approach in which 1 team (usually an oral surgeon and urologist) harvested the graft from the mouth, while the perineal team simultaneously exposed and calibrated the stricture.Results
The length of buccal mucosa used ranged from 3.5 to 17 cm. (average 6.4). All patients achieved excellent results. No oral complications were noted, even in patients in whom multiple buccal mucosal grafts were obtained.Conclusions
With the technique reported, buccal mucosa is a reliable, easily obtained tissue for patch graft urethroplasty. Our 2-team approach decreased operative time considerably. 相似文献19.
20.
Chronic exposure to dibromoacetic acid, a water disinfection byproduct, diminishes primordial follicle populations in the rabbit. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
K J Bodensteiner H R Sawyer C L Moeller C M Kane K-Y F Pau G R Klinefelter D N R Veeramachaneni 《Toxicological sciences》2004,80(1):83-91
To determine if dibromoacetic acid (DBA) affects ovarian folliculogenesis, four groups of female Dutch-belted rabbits were exposed daily to 0, 1, 5, or 50 mg DBA/kg body weight in drinking water beginning in utero from gestation day 15 throughout life. Functionality of the endocrine axis was assessed by measuring serum concentrations of gonadotropins following an im injection of 10 microg GnRH at 12 (prepubertal; n = 6/dose group) and 24 (postpubertal; n = 10/dose group) weeks of age. A day after GnRH challenge, number of ovulation sites and ovarian weights were determined at necropsy. Left ovaries were processed for histopathology, serially sectioned at 6 microm, and every twelfth section stained with hematoxylin and eosin was evaluated. All healthy follicles were categorized as primordial, primary, small preantral, large preantral, or small antral follicles. The area of each section evaluated was measured and the number of follicles in each category expressed per mm2 unit area. In prepubertal animals, DBA caused a reduction in number of primordial follicles (p < 0.05) and total healthy follicles (p < 0.05) at 50 mg/kg dose level. In adult animals, there were fewer primordial follicles in both the 5 (p < 0.01) and 50 (p = 0.1) mg/kg dose groups. No profound changes in gonadotropin profiles were observed. Although chronic exposure to DBA did not appear to have an effect on late follicular development or ovulation, DBA did reduce the population of primordial follicles. The long-term health consequences of diminished primordial follicles are unknown, but it is very likely that reproductive senescence would occur earlier. 相似文献