Association between presenilin-1 -48C/T polymorphism and Down's syndrome

Individuals with Down's syndrome (DS), i.e., trisomy 21, over 40 years of age, are likely to develop neuropathological changes characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The involvement of chromosome 21 both in DS and AD suggests a shared genetic susceptibility to these disorders, but genetic determinants are still undefined. The -48C/T polymorphism in the PSEN1 promoter is a possible candidate, since it has recently been associated with an increased risk of early onset AD. Based on the assumption that the excess of dementia in DS might be a consequence of a different distribution of the -48C/T polymorphism, we investigated the association between DS and this polymorphism in patients with trisomy 21 and controls. Overall, 260 DS patients and 197 controls were recruited at the Department of Neurosciences, Tor Vergata University of Rome. Cases and controls had similar age and gender distribution. High molecular weight DNA was extracted from whole blood samples collected in EDTANa(2) and -48C/T genotypes were determined. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared between cases and controls. Cases were less likely than controls to have the CC genotype ( P = 0.05). A significant difference for allele distribution between DS cases and controls was found, with DS showing a lower frequency of the allele C compared with the control population (OR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.35-0.91; P = 0.01). No significant interaction of PSEN1 with age, gender, ApoE and -850 TNF-alpha polymorphisms was found. The association found suggests that the -48C/T polymorphism in the PSN1 gene promoter, which is involved in the modulation of amyloid beta load in human AD, is associated with DS. However, the biological role of this polymorphism in DS-related dementia remains unclear and merits further investigation.     

Reduced folate carrier polymorphism (80A-->G) and neural tube defects

Transport of folates in mammalian cells occurs by a carrier-mediated mechanism. The human folate carrier (RFC-1) gene has been isolated and characterized. Within this gene, a common polymorphism, 80A-->G, changing a histidine to an arginine in exon 2 (H27R), was recently identified. Defects in folate metabolism, such as defective carrier molecules, could be implicated in the etiology of neural tube defects (NTDs). In the present case-control study, we recruited 174 Italian probands with nonsyndromic NTD, 43 mothers, 53 fathers and 156 control individuals and evaluated the impact of RFC-1 variant on NTD risk. A statistically significant risk was calculated for the 80GG genotype of the NTD cases (OR=2.35; 95% CI 1.21-4.58) and mothers (OR=2.74; 95% CI 0.92-8.38). On the contrary, the heterozygous genotype of the mothers and both heterozygous and homozygous genotypes of the fathers did not seem to be significant NTD risk factors. Furthemore, according to the multifactorial inheritance of NTDs, we demonstrated that the combined genotypes for MTHFR 1298A-->C and RFC-1 80A-->G polymorphisms of cases resulted in greater NTD risk than heterozygosity or homozygosity for RFC-1 80A-->G variant alone. Conversely, our data provide no evidence for an association between NTD phenotype and combined MTHFR C677T/RFC-1 A80G genotypes. Moreover, here we describe the combinations of the two MTHFR polymorphic sites (677CT and 1298AC) with RFC-1 genotypes. We found that both patients and controls could have at most quadruple-mutation combinations. Interestingly, 27% (7/26) of the mothers and 18.75% (30/160) of the cases genotyped presented four mutant alleles in comparison with 8.5% (11/129) of the controls. Finally, the frequency of NTD cases and mothers carrying combined heterozygosity for the two MTHFR polymorphisms and RFC-1 80GG homozygosity (677CT/1298AC/80GG) (cases=11.3%; mothers 11.5%) was increased compared with controls (1.6%). Altogether, our findings support the hypothesis that RFC-1 A80G variant may contribute to NTD susceptibility in the Italian population.     

Effect of sulforaphane on micronucleus induction in cultured human lymphocytes by four different mutagens

Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are commonly found in cruciferous vegetables. A variety of biological activities have been ascribed to ITCs, such as inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes and induction of phase II enzymes in animal models. ITCs are also able to block cell-cycle progression and induce apoptosis in human cancer cells in vitro. In this study, we evaluated the ability of the ITC sulforaphane to protect cultured human lymphocytes from micronucleus (MN) induction by four different mutagens: ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), vincristrine (VIN), H(2)O(2) and mitomycin C (MMC). To understand the mechanisms of action of sulforaphane, the cultures were treated with the compound before, during and after treatment with the mutagens; in addition, the cultures were evaluated for the induction of apoptosis. Up to 10 microM, sulforaphane was non-genotoxic by itself, while 30 microM sulforaphane reduced the replicative index of the cells by more than 60%. Moreover, 1-10 microM sulforaphane reduced the MN frequency induced by EMS, VIN, H(2)O(2) and MMC in at least one of the treatment protocols; it had no effect on H(2)O(2)-MN induction in the post-treatment protocol, and it increased MN induction by MMC in the pre-treatment protocol. Apoptosis was produced in the cultures treated with sulforaphane alone. The fraction of apoptotic cells was increased after co- or post-treatment with sulforaphane and EMS and MMC, suggesting that sulforaphane-mediated apoptosis may remove highly damaged cells induced by these agents. Other mechanisms are involved in the anti-genotoxic activity of sulforaphane against VIN and H(2)O(2). Taken together, our findings indicate that under certain conditions sulforaphane possesses anti-genotoxic activity in vitro and that further studies are warranted to characterize this property in vivo.     

Mannoprotein from Cryptococcus neoformans promotes T-helper type 1 anticandidal responses in mice

We previously demonstrated that mannoprotein (MP) from Cryptococcus neoformans (CnMP) stimulates interleukin-12 production by human monocytes, thus fostering a T-helper type 1 (Th1) protective anticryptococcal response. In this paper we show that CnMP was also able to induce a Candida albicans-directed protective Th1 response. This was demonstrated for mice immunized with CnMP by induction of a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction to C. albicans MP (CaMP) as well as induction of gamma interferon production by CD4(+) and CD8(+) splenic T cells stimulated in vitro with CaMP. CnMP-immunized mice were also partially protected from lethal systemic challenge with C. albicans, as shown by prolonged median survival times and decreased fungal burden in the kidney. Much evidence supports the validity of these cross-reactive and functional Th1 responses: (i) a non-cross-reactive C. albicans antigen, such as enolase, did not produce a DTH response to CaMP; (ii) passive adoptive transfer of T cells primed with CnMP induced a DTH reaction; (iii) C. neoformans extract elicited a DTH response to CaMP; and (iv) a monoclonal antibody (7H6) directed against a major and immunodominant T-cell-stimulatory 65-kDa MP (MP65) of C. albicans also recognized discrete 100-kDa constituents of C. neoformans extracts, as well as secretory constituents of the fungus. These results suggest the presence of common Th1 antigenic determinants in the mannoproteic material of C. neoformans and C. albicans epitopes, which should be considered in devising common strategies for immunoprophylactic or immunotherapeutic control of the fungi.     

Vitamin E affects cell death in adult rat dentate gyrus

We have previously reported the presence of dying cells in the granule cell layer (GCL) of adult rat dentate gyrus (DG), where neurogenesis occurs. In particular, we found that cell death in the GCL increased in vitamin E deficiency and decreased in vitamin E supplementation. These findings were regarded as related to changes in neurogenesis rate, which in turn was influenced by vitamin E availability; a neuroprotective effect of vitamin E on cell death was also proposed. In order to verify this latter hypothesis, we have studied cell death in all layers of DG in vitamin E-deficient and vitamin E-supplemented rats and in control rats at different ages, using TUNEL and nick translation techniques. The phenotype of TUNEL-positive cells was characterized and the existence of dying BrdU-positive cells was investigated. Dying cells with neuronal phenotype were observed throughout the DG in all experimental groups. The number of TUNEL-positive cells decreased from juvenile to adult age. A higher number of TUNEL-positive cells in vitamin E-deficient rats and a lower number in vitamin E-supplemented rats, with respect to age-matched controls, were found; moreover, in these groups, TUNEL-positive cells had a different percentage distribution in the different layers of the DG. Our results confirm the occurrence of cell death in DG, demonstrate that cell death affects neuronal cells and support the hypothesis that the effect of vitamin E on cell death is not related to neurogenesis.     

Allergenicity of goat’s milk in children with cow’s milk allergy

BACKGROUND: Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is a common disease of infancy and childhood. An appropriate cow's milk (CM) substitute is necessary for feeding babies with CMA. CM substitutes are soy formulas and casein- or whey-based extensively hydrolyzed formulas. In several countries, including Italy, goat's milk (GM) formulas are available, and some physicians recommend them for feeding babies with CMA. OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate, in vitro and in vivo, the allergenicity of GM in 26 children with proven IgE-mediated CMA. METHODS: All the children underwent skin tests with CM and GM; detection of specific serum IgE to CM and GM; and double-blind, placebo-controlled, oral food challenges (DBPCOFCs) with fresh CM, GM, and, as placebo, a soy formula (Isomil, Abbott, Italy). CAP inhibition and immunoblotting inhibition assays were also carried out in 1 of 26 and 4 of 26 children with positive RAST results to both CM and GM, respectively. RESULTS: All the children had positive skin test responses and CAP results to both CM and GM, all had positive DBPCOFC results to CM, and 24 of 26 had positive DBPCOFCs to GM. In CAP inhibition tests, preincubation of serum with CM or GM strongly inhibited IgE either to CM or to GM. In immunoblotting inhibition assays, preincubation with CM completely extinguished reactivity to GM, whereas GM partially inhibited reactivity to CM. CONCLUSIONS: These data strongly indicate that GM is not an appropriate CM substitute for children with IgE-mediated CMA. A warning on the lack of safety of GM for children with CMA should be on the label of GM formulas to prevent severe allergic reactions in babies with CMA.     

Immunohistochemical localization of nNOS in the skin and nerve fibers of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L. (Annelida Oligochaeta)

The epidermis of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris is a multifunctional tissue. It is composed of supporting, mucous, neuroendocrine-like, sensory and basal cells. NO is considered to be a molecule that regulates numerous functional activities (also in non-neuronal cells) in vertebrates. In the earthworm epidermis, we found neuronal NO synthase immunopositivity in orthochromatic and metachromatic mucous cells, neuroendocrine-like cells and in epidermal and subepidermal nerve fibers and striated muscle fibers. It is suggested that NO has a multitude of biological actions, affecting functional activities of the epidermis such as tissue homeostasis, control of secretion, proliferation, respiration, defense, water-salt balance, as well as regulation of tonus in vascular and striated muscles.     

Allergy to pigeon tick (Argas reflexus): demonstration of specific IgE-binding components

BACKGROUND: The European tick, Argas reflexus, is an urban pest parasitizing urban pigeons and may cause a wide range of allergic reactions. METHODS: Specific IgE to A. reflexus, SDS-PAGE and IgE immunoblotting, performed with tick extract, were carried out in the sera of 6 patients who reported allergic reactions after tick bite. RESULTS: Specific IgE to A. reflexus (RAST class ranging from 1 to 3) were detected in the sera of 6 patients who reported allergic reactions (urticaria and angioedema in 2 and anaphylaxis in the other 4 patients) after tick bite. IgE reactivity to two bands of 22 and 40 kDa were identified in the patient sera. CONCLUSIONS: Allergy to A. reflexus has to be considered in allergic patients living in buildings where pigeons have their nests. The powerful sensitizing property of tick allergen is underlined by the observation that none of our patients was atopic.     

Micronuclei frequencies in hospital workers occupationally exposed to low levels of ionizing radiation: influence of smoking status and other factors

In the context of a medical surveillance program aimed at preventing cancer risk from exposure to ionizing radiation, we investigated chromosomal damage in peripheral lymphocytes from 37 hospital workers exposed to low levels of ionizing radiation and 37 controls. The micronuleus (MN) assay was used as a biomarker of genetic damage. The influence of confounding factors like smoking status, age and gender was investigated by multiple regression analysis. The results indicated that, overall, MN frequency was higher in exposed workers than in controls, although the difference was not statistically significant. Interestingly, smoking status significantly raised MN frequency among the exposed workers but not among controls. This suggests that smoking can influence chromosomal damage induced in humans by ionizing radiation. Among both exposed workers and controls, MN frequency was found to increase with age. Female gender influenced the increase in MN frequency in the exposed group. Our results suggest that the effect of cigarette smoking should be carefully factored into genetic monitoring studies assessing the risks associated with low level radiation exposure.