A morphometric study of the inferior orbital fissure using three‐dimensional anatomical landmarks: Application to orbital surgery

The inferior orbital fissure (IOF) is an important structure during orbital surgery, however, neither its anatomical features nor the procedures necessary to expose the IOF have been examined in detail. A morphometric analysis of the IOF was performed on 232 orbits using computer software. The longest and shortest borders of the IOF were 18.2 ± 4.9 and 1.9 ± 1.3 mm, respectively. The outer and the inner angles were 138.9 ± 32.7° and 38.4 ± 24.7°, respectively. The perimeter of the IOF was 50.6 ± 13.5 mm and its area was 61.3 ± 39.1 mm². Eight types of IOF were observed. Type 1 IOF was observed in 42.2% and the Type 2 IOF was identified in 15.9%. A statistically significant relation was found between the longest edge and area and the widest edge and area of the IOF. The findings of our study suggest that the removal of the lateral wall should begin inferiorly, just lateral to the IOF and extended superolaterally. These data may be useful during surgical approaches to the orbit. Clin. Anat. 22:649–654, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Delayed L2 Vertebrae Split Fracture following Kyphoplasty

Kyphoplasty is an accepted therapeutic modality for the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Complication rates are reported between 1% and 3% for osteoporotic fractures. Most previously reported complications, however, have occurred perioperatively. In this article, we report a case in which balloon kyphoplasty was performed as described by manufacturer guidelines. Four weeks after a successful kyphoplasty, the patient presented with a painful split vertebral fracture with anterior deformity at the same level where the kyphoplasty was initially performed. A recurrent fracture at the same level of a previous successful kyphoplasty may be considered in the differential diagnosis of a patient who presents with new pain at a similar level.     

Management of platinum-based chemotherapy-induced acute nausea and vomiting: is there a superior serotonin receptor antagonist?

OBJECTIVE: The last decade has witnessed the great impact of 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor (5-HT(3))antagonists in revolutionizing the management of platinum-based chemotherapy-induced acute nausea and vomiting (CINV). However, despite the availability of a variety of 5-HT(3) antagonists, little data is published to support superiority of one drug over another, leaving the choice of serotonin receptor antagonist largely empirical. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network and American Society of Clinical Oncology guidelines for management of chemotherapy-associated nausea and vomiting cleary endorse the use of serotonin receptor antagonist; however, no single agent is preferred over the rest. METHODS: Data for patients (n=159) receiving platinum-based chemotherapy regimens were retrospectively collected . Patients getting 5-HT(3) antagonists without steriods or those with known history of brain metastasis, gastroparesis, and intestinal obstruction were not eligible for the study. Patient characteristics including age, gender, primary diagnosis, history of heavy alcohol intake, chemotherapy regimen administered , number of cycles, and Eastern Cooperative Group performance status at the start of therapy were noted. Primary outcome was the complete control of platinum-induced acute nausea and vomiting. Secondary outcome measures included control of > or = grade 1 nausea or vomiting, comparison of two doses of dexamethasone, and antiemetic eficacy among various platinum drugs. National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria version 2.0 was used to assess toxicity. RESULTS: A total of 126 patients received 369 cycles of platinum-based therapy. Dolasetron ( n=157), granisetron ( n=81), and ondansetron ( n=131) achieved complete control of vomiting in 89.8, 95.5, and 92.3% (p=0.67) of cycles, respectively. Respectively, complete nausea control was observed in 68.1, 75.3 and, 69.4% (p=0.50). Dexamethasone 20 mg was not superior to 10 mg in complete control of nausea and vomiting ( p= 0.15 and p=0.63, respectively). However, complete nausea control was signinficantly better in the subgroup of patients getting cisplatin-compared with carboplatin-based regimens (78.8% vs. 67.7%, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: No significant difference exists in the antiemetic efficacy of the three 5-HT(3) antagonists studied in controlling CINV when administered in combination with dexamethasone. Choicce of antiemetic regimen should therefore be based on drug cost.     

Peripheral vein contrast echocardiography in atrial septal defect

This study was carried out on 233 children suspected clinically of having atrial septal defect with the aim of investigating the diagnostic capability of peripheral venous contrast echocardiography. The transfer of contrast material from the right atrium into the left atrium was evaluated as "positive contrast", while noncontrast blood, passing from the left atrium into the right atrium was termed "negative contrast". Positive contrasts were quantitated in four grades. A significant negative contrast effect was graded 3- or 4-. Three positive, 4+ and/or 3-, 4- contrast effects were considered definite evidence of an atrial septal defect. Among the cases with the above findings 92 underwent surgical closure of atrial septal defect. The procedure was successful in all patients operated; the size of the defect was large. This result demonstrates that the method applied is a safe and reliable one. However, in a group of cases without the above echocardiographic findings the presence of an atrial septal defect was detected by cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography. Therefore, we can conclude that the method applied is not a sensitive, but a specific one, for definite detection of atrial septal defect.     

Exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia in children

Two children with exercise-induced tachycardia, one with idiopathic long-QT syndrome, are presented. The patients were evaluated by exercise testing and electrophysiologic study. From the onset of treatment with the beta-blocking agent, pindolol, the patients have been symptom-free. These findings emphasize that children with syncope must be evaluated by ECG, exercise testing, 24-h Holter-monitoring, and finally, electrophysiological study.     

Conventional versus epineural sleeve neurorrhaphy technique: functional and histomorphometric analysis

Three methods of nerve repair involving the epineural sleeve technique were compared with conventional nerve repair using the rat sciatic nerve transection model in four groups. In group 1, the sciatic nerve was repaired using the conventional epineural technique by placing four sutures. In groups 2, 3, and 4, the epineural sleeve technique was combined with two sutures, fibrin glue, and two sutures with fibrin glue, respectively. Functional recovery was evaluated using walking track analysis, limb circumference, and the severity of toe contracture. Diameter of the sciatic nerve fibers, total number of myelinated fibers, diameter of the myelin sheath, and the axon-to-fiber diameter ratio were measured at 12 weeks. The results showed better functional recovery as well as a higher number of myelinated fibers in groups using the epineural sleeve technique compared with conventional technique ( < 0.05). The addition of fibrin glue, however, did not make any significant difference. The epineural sleeve technique was found to be superior when compared with conventional nerve repair, providing faster functional recovery and improved nerve regeneration.     

Inhibition of bacterial growth by lignocaine in propofol emulsion

Contamination of propofol, in an emulsion formulation, has been associated with infective complications. Local anaesthetics,some of which are known to have antibacterial properties, are frequently added to the solution to reduce pain on injection. We examined the growth rates of E. coli, S. aureus, S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa in propofol with and without lignocaine 0.1%-2% after incubation for 2, 5 and 24 hours at 37 degrees C. Growth of microorganisms in each solution was compared by counting the number of colony forming units (CFU). Propofol supported the growth of all microorganisms. An increase in the number of CFUs was observed in all drug combinations 2, 5 and 24 hours after inoculation except for S. aureus (P<0.05). No difference was found in CFU numbers between 2 and 5 hours for this microorganism. With E. coli, a significant decline in colony counts was observed in mixtures of 1% and 2% lignocaine (P<0.05). With the other microorganisms only 2% lignocaine showed a significant reduction in the number of CFUs (P<0.05). We conclude that lignocaine in recommended clinical doses (0.05%-0.1%) did not exhibit adequate antibacterial activity to prevent infective complications.     

Advances in composite tissue allograft transplantation as related to the hand and upper extremity

The clinical transplantation of composite tissue allografts (CTA) such as human hand or larynx is stimulating discussions among surgeons at national and international forums on the indications, ethical aspects, toxic effects of immunosuppression, and functional results of the first reported cases of unilateral and bilateral hand transplantation. This Clinical Perspective article presents the latest advances in clinical and experimental research related to the field of CTAs. The article presents the historic aspects of CTA, a broad view of the current state of composite tissue transplantation, the mechanism of allograft rejection, current experimental and clinical protocols, and, finally, the future prospects of the standard use of CTAs. It is clear that there is a substantial demand for routine use of CTAs but the treatment protocols need to be optimized and the functional outcomes need to be improved.     

Dehydroepiandrosterone as an enhancer of functional recovery following crush injury to rat sciatic nerve

This study was designed to investigate the effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on the recovery of the rat sciatic nerve following crush injury. A standard hemostat system was used to create the injury, with a length of 1.5 mm in three groups of 18 animals each. In group I, the crush injury was applied without any treatment. In groups II and III, vehicle (ethylene glycol) and DHEA solutions were injected subepineurally 30 min following the crush injury. Sciatic function index (SFI), toe contracture measurement, gastrocinemius muscle weight, total number of myelinated fibers, fiber diameters, myelin thickness, and axon/fiber cross-sectional ratio were measured at 3, 6, and 12 weeks. The SFI values in the DHEA group showed a faster return to normal values confirmed at 3 and 6 weeks (P < 0.05). The number of myelinated fibers and fiber diameters at 6 and 12 weeks were significantly higher in the DHEA group (P < 0.05). In this study, the subepineural injection of DHEA following crush injury was found to enhance functional recovery of the rat sciatic nerve.     

Late effects of TNF-alpha-induced inflammation on the microcirculation of cremaster muscle flaps under intravital microscopy

In order to understand the microcirculatory changes and regulatory mechanisms governing passage of neutrophils from the vascular bed to the interstitial tissue during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, a key component of this injury, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced inflammation was analyzed. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups, containing six animals in each. The effect of TNF-alpha-induced inflammation was studied at two different time points, early sequential and late. In the early-effect Groups 1 and 2, animals were given TNF-alpha and vehicle, respectively. Microcirculatory changes were recorded for 6 hr continuously. In the late-effect Groups 3 and 4, following TNF-alpha injection and vehicle, microcirculatory changes were measured 16 hr later. In the early-effect groups, the number of rolling and adhering leukocytes was increased immediately following TNF-alpha injection and remained elevated for the first 3 hr (p<0.05). The number of transmigrated leukocytes remained significantly increased throughout the first 6 hr (p<0.05) and returned to normal at 16 hr. In delayed-effect groups, a second peak in the number of rolling leukocytes was noted at 16 hr (p<0.05). The numbers of rolling and adhering lymphocytes, although remained at the baseline for the first 6 hr, was increased 2- and 1.5-fold at 16 hr, respectively (p<0.05). The number of perfused capillaries gradually decreased over time in the TNF-alpha-induced inflammation groups. A vasodilatory response was noted at the third and fourth order arterioles within the first 3 hr of measurement (p<0.05), but returned to normal afterward. The detrimental effects of TNF-alpha-induced inflammation during I/R injury could be prolonged up to 16 hr at the microcirculatory level of the muscle flaps.