Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor in the left lateral ventricle.

Extracortical location of dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNT) is rare. We present a case of DNT localized in the left lateral ventricle of a 21-year-old female patient. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed a round mass lesion in the floor of the anterior horn of the left lateral ventricle. The lesion was hypointense on T (1)-weighted images and slightly hyperintense on T (2)-weighted images without contrast enhancement. Total removal of the yellowish-white colored soft tumor was performed through a transcallosal approach. Histologically, the tumor was of simple type of DNT that was composed of small oligodendrogliocytes clustered tightly about perivascular spaces with neurons floating in mucoid pools showing an eosinophilic fibrillary matrix in the background. The recognition of DNT with an unusual location in lateral ventricle has therapeutic and prognostic significance since DNT is curable by surgical excision and radiation therapy is of no obvious benefit.     

Cyclophosphamide-induced cytogenetic effects in mouse bone marrow and spleen cells in in vivo and in vivo/in vitro assays

Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and chromosomal aberration studies have been used to monitor human populations for genotoxic exposure to chemical substances. These monitoring techniques involve collection of blood and/or bone marrow from the exposed subjects and culturing cells for one or two cell cycles with various treatments in culture. The results obtained from such in vivo/in vitro studies may lead to an over- or underestimation of the damage that could occur in vivo. In the present study, which uses a mouse model, the in vivo/in vitro cytogenetic assays (SCEs and chromosomal aberrations) have been compared with similar in vivo systems in bone marrow and spleen cells treated with various doses of cyclophosphamide (CPA). The results indicate a significant difference in CPA-induced cytogenetic endpoints between in vivo and in vivo/in vitro conditions in both organs. However, linear relationships were found between CPA dose and cytogenetic end point analyzed under both conditions. Based on these results it appears that the in vivo/in vitro assay is a useful technique for indicating potential in vivo damage of chemicals.     

Polysialic acid, a unique glycan that is developmentally regulated by two polysialyltransferases, PST and STX, in the central nervous system: From biosynthesis to function

Polysialic acid is a developmentally regulated carbohydrate composed of a linear homopolymer of a-2,a-linked sialic acid residues. This unique glycan is mainly attached to the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) and implicated in many morphogenic events of the neural cells by modulating the adhesive property of N-CAM. Recently, the cDNA that encodes polysialyltransferase, which is responsible for the polysialylation of N-CAM, was successfully cloned from three mammalian species. This review focuses on the molecular cloning of human polysialyltransferase, designated PST. it then describes the number of enzymes actually required for the polysialylation of N-CAM using an in vitro polysialyltransferase assay. Comparisons between PST and another polysialyltransferase, sialyltransferase X (STX), are made and it Is demonstrated that both enzymes can independently form polysiatic acid In vitro , but that during neural development they coordinately but distinctly synthesize polysialic acid on N-CAM. The role of polysialic acid in the central nervous system is also discussed. Finally, evidence that the two polysialyltransferases, PST and STX, apparently have distinct roles in the development of neural cells is provided by using a neurite outgrowth assay.     

Plasmodium falciparum sexual stage antigens: immunogenicity and cell-mediated responses.

Antibody and cell-mediated immune responses to the transmission-blocking target antigens of Plasmodium falciparum, Pfs 48/45, were determined in infected non-immune patients and in immune individuals from an endemic area. Characterization of the B cell epitopes with monoclonal antibodies showed that there were five regions identifiable but there could be interactions between them causing either competitive or enhancing effects. Sera from infected non-immune patients contained antibodies that would compete with one or more of the mAbs to the different epitopes. Immune responsiveness to purified Pfs 48/45 in P. falciparum-immune adults measured as lymphoproliferation, production of interferon-gamma, or as Pfs 48/45-specific antibody was very limited. This did not appear to be due to MHC class II restriction, to diversity in structure of the parasite antigens or to a failure of immunological memory. The antibody-response data were more consistent with down-regulation of immunity as a result of prolonged exposure to infection.     

Evaluation of the common conditions associated with eosinophilia.

In an eosinophilic population of 47 boys of the same age, a large proportion (92%) were helminth infested or atopic, or both, compared with 36% of 36 controls. The methods used to detect these conditions were not costly or elaborate, except for the radioallergosorbent test, which was used to measure concentrations of circulating IgE antibodies to atopic allergens. It is suggested that an economical approach to detect helminthiasis and atopy in cases of eosinophilia is adopted using the methods employed here, with skin prick tests replacing the radioallergosorbent test.     

Experimental studies on bone induction using low-molecular-weight poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) as a carrier for recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2

An appropriate carrier acting as a slow delivery vehicle for the BMPs is required for maximal clinical effectiveness of these bone-inductive proteins. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a low-molecular-weight PLGA copolymer as a synthetic, biodegradable carrier for rhBMP-2 implantation in vivo. Two, 10, or 50 microg of recombinant human BMP-2 were mixed with 10 mg of a poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) 50:50 copolymer and implanted into the calf muscles of Wistar rats. Soft X-ray analysis and histologic examination indicated that new bone formation occurred at all rhBMP-2-implanted sites within 3 weeks after implantation. Correlation of rhBMP-2 concentration with the amount of bone induction was confirmed by specific alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium content assay. In vitro analysis indicated that 78.5% of the PLGA copolymer was degraded to smaller molecular weight material after 14 days in PBS solution. It is suggested that rhBMP-2 was released in an active form at the implant site during the degradation of the copolymer, resulting in the induction of new bone formation. Thus this low-molecular-weight PLGA copolymer material represents a promising delivery vehicle for BMPs, and possibly other growth factors, around dental and orthopedic implants.     

Confidentiality and death

The duty of confidentiality in the normal doctor-patient relationship is well recognized. However, the duty of confidentiality between the pathologist who performs the autopsy and the requesting authorities and the next-of-kin is not as clearly spelt out. This article discusses the problems faced by the pathologist with regards to hospital and medico-legal autopsies in Malaysia. A proposed ethical guideline is included on how to deal with peculiar issues regarding confidentiality and the pathologist.     

An investigation of minimisation criteria

Background  

Minimisation can be used within treatment trials to ensure that prognostic factors are evenly distributed between treatment groups. The technique is relatively straightforward to apply but does require running tallies of patient recruitments to be made and some simple calculations to be performed prior to each allocation. As computing facilities have become more widely available, minimisation has become a more feasible option for many. Although the technique has increased in popularity, the mode of application is often poorly reported and the choice of input parameters not justified in any logical way.