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Oestmann JW; Kopans DB; Linetsky L; Hall DA; McCarthy KA; White G; Swann C; Kelley JE; Johnson LL 《Radiology》1988,168(3):657-659
A new dual-screen, dual-emulsion-film combination that allows a decrease in radiation dose of approximately 66% was compared with a widely used single-screen, single-emulsion-film system in contact and magnification mammography. Clustered microcalcifications randomly superimposed on a breast phantom were detected, and the location and number of individual calcifications were determined by four observers. The detectability of calcifications, determined with a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis area, was 0.92 for magnification and 0.82 for contact mammography with the single-emulsion-film system, compared with 0.84 and 0.72, respectively, with the dual-emulsion-film system. More clusters were correctly located and more individual calcifications were counted with magnification than with contact mammography. The dual-emulsion-film system with the magnification technique performs as well as the single-emulsion-film system with the contact technique, while retaining a decrease in required dose of approximately 40%. 相似文献
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C. J. M. Nolte M. A. Oleson P. R. Bilbo N. L. Parenteau 《Archives of dermatological research》1993,285(8):466-474
The stratum corneum of human skin is responsible for maintaining the epidermal permeability barrier. We have developed a bilayered skin culture (SC) which forms a corneum 35 ± 1 cell layers thick 21 days after being raised to the air-liquid (A/L) interface. By the 7th day after raising to the A/L interface the corneocytes were irregularly shaped and had cross-sectional areas (CSA) of 300 m2. By the 21st day the corneocytes had assumed polygonal shapes and had a CSA (100–250 m2) similar to that of human foreskin. The total lipid (TL) content of the corneum averaged 5–7% of the lyophilized weight. Ceramide content increased from 20% of TL at day 7 of A/L interface culture to 30% at day 21. Triglycerides decreased from 43% to 17% of TL during the same period. Free fatty acids comprised 5.5% of TL at day 21 of A/L interface culture. The intercorneocyte spaces contained stacks of lipid lamellae. However, the stacks lacked the Landmann unit repeat. Abnormal lamellar structures were observed in both the intra- and extracorneocyte spaces. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was >4 mg/cm2 per h throughout the culture period. Lipid supplementation of the culture medium and culturing in a low humidity environment improved barrier function by 50%. However, the effects were not additive. The SC developed a near-normal corneum, but did not achieve barrier competence, due at least partially to abnormalities in lipid composition and organization. Improvement of barrier function with lipid supplementation or low humidity indicates that modifications of the culture environment may facilitate the SC in assembling a permeability barrier equivalent to human skin. 相似文献
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AR Logesh KA Thillaimaharani K Sharmila M Kalaiselvam SM Raffi 《Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine》2012,2(2):140-143
Objective
To screen the chitosan producing ability of endolichenic fungi and its antibacterial activity.Methods
Lichen collected from mangroves was screened for endophytes and the chitosan producing ability of endolichenic fungi by submerged fermentation was also determined. Antibacterial activity was carried out against different pathogens.Results
Totally 4 different groups of fungi were isolated from the lichen Roccella montagnei. Among the four genera, Aspergillus niger (A. niger) is potential to produce chitosan (1.3 g/L) on the twelfth day of incubation. Glucose plays an important role in the productivity of chitosan and the yield was maximum at 10% (1.93 g/L). Antibacterial activity revealed that Vibrio cholerae was sensitive to chitosan followed by Escherichia coli.Conclusions
In conclusion, our findings suggest that A. niger is a potential candidate to produce more chitosan than the other strains and glucose plays an important role in the production of chitosan which proves to have a good antibacterial activity. 相似文献788.
HE Hsu CE Rydzak KL Cotich B Wang PE Sax E Losina KA Freedberg SJ Goldie Z Lu RP Walensky for the CEPAC Investigators 《HIV medicine》2011,12(2):97-108
Objectives
The aim of the study was to quantify the benefits (life expectancy gains) and risks (efavirenz‐related teratogenicity) associated with using efavirenz in HIV‐infected women of childbearing age in the USA.Methods
We used data from the Women's Interagency HIV Study in an HIV disease simulation model to estimate life expectancy in women who receive an efavirenz‐based initial antiretroviral regimen compared with those who delay efavirenz use and receive a boosted protease inhibitor‐based initial regimen. To estimate excess risk of teratogenic events with and without efavirenz exposure per 100 000 women, we incorporated literature‐based rates of pregnancy, live births, and teratogenic events into a decision analytic model. We assumed a teratogenicity risk of 2.90 events/100 live births in women exposed to efavirenz during pregnancy and 2.68/100 live births in unexposed women.Results
Survival for HIV‐infected women who received an efavirenz‐based initial antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen was 0.89 years greater than for women receiving non‐efavirenz‐based initial therapy (28.91 vs. 28.02 years). The rate of teratogenic events was 77.26/100 000 exposed women, compared with 72.46/100 000 unexposed women. Survival estimates were sensitive to variations in treatment efficacy and AIDS‐related mortality. Estimates of excess teratogenic events were most sensitive to pregnancy rates and number of teratogenic events/100 live births in efavirenz‐exposed women.Conclusions
Use of non‐efavirenz‐based initial ART in HIV‐infected women of childbearing age may reduce life expectancy gains from antiretroviral treatment, but may also prevent teratogenic events. Decision‐making regarding efavirenz use presents a trade‐off between these two risks; this study can inform discussions between patients and health care providers. 相似文献789.
JS Josephs JA Fleishman PT Korthuis RD Moore KA Gebo for the HIV Research Network 《HIV medicine》2010,11(1):74-84
Objective
The aim of this study was to examine Emergency Department (ED) utilization and clinical and sociodemographic correlates of ED use among HIV‐infected patients.Methods
During 2003, 951 patients participated in face‐to‐face interviews at 14 HIV clinics in the HIV Research Network. Respondents reported the number of ED visits in the preceding 6 months. Using logistic regression, we identified factors associated with visiting the ED in the last 6 months and admission to the hospital from the ED.Results
Thirty‐two per cent of respondents reported at least one ED visit in the last 6 months. In multivariate analysis, any ED use was associated with Medicaid insurance, high levels of pain (the third or fourth quartile), more than seven primary care visits in the last 6 months, current or former illicit drug use, social alcohol use and female gender. Of those who used ED services, 39% reported at least one admission to the hospital. Patients with pain in the highest quartile reported increased admission rates from the ED as did those who made six or seven primary care visits, or more than seven primary care visits vs. three or fewer.Conclusions
The likelihood of visiting the ED has not diminished since the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). More ED visits are to treat illnesses not related to HIV or injuries than to treat direct sequelae of HIV infection. With the growing prevalence of people living with HIV infection, the numbers of HIV‐infected patients visiting the ED may increase, and ED providers need to understand potential complications produced by HIV disease. 相似文献790.
AD Luber DV Condoluci PD Slowinski M Andrews K Olson CA Peloquin KA Pappa GE Pakes 《HIV medicine》2010,11(3):193-199