Oral behaviors are activities, like gum chewing, teeth clenching, and biting of objects, that go beyond normal functioning demands and contribute to the onset of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Somatosensory amplification refers to the tendency to experience somatic sensations as intense, noxious, and disturbing and is related to bodily hypervigilance. Clinical experience suggests that individuals with bodily hypervigilance also present with occlusal hypervigilance and continuously check their occlusion. This study aimed at investigating whether somatosensory amplification and trait anxiety, a characteristic correlated with hypervigilance, are associated with a greater incidence of oral behaviors, and verifying how self-reported facial TMD pain affect this relationship.
Materials and methods
The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Somatosensory Amplification Scale, the Oral Behavior Checklist (OBC), and the TMD-Pain Screener Questionnaire were filled out by 255 University students with self-reported facial TMD pain (PAIN group; 47 subjects, 24.8 ± 4.2 years) and without pain (CTR group; 208 subjects, 26.0 ± 4.8 years) using a web survey.
Results
Trait anxiety, somatosensory amplification, and OBC scores were greater in the PAIN than CTR group (all p < 0.05). Trait anxiety and somatosensory amplification were positively associated with the frequency of oral behaviors, as measured with the OBC (all p < 0.05). A significant effect of the interaction study group*trait anxiety (p = 0.028) on OBC scores was found.
Conclusions
Individuals with greater trait anxiety and somatosensory amplification report more frequent oral behaviors. The relationship between anxiety and oral behaviors is affected by concurrent facial pain.
Clinical relevance
Individuals with increased trait anxiety and concurrent facial pain report more frequent oral behaviors than those without pain. Clinicians should evaluate patients’ anxiety and somatosensory amplification before starting dental treatment.
Dopamine D3 receptor antagonists exert pro-cognitive effects in both
rodents and primates. Accordingly, this study compared the roles of dopamine
D3vs D2 receptors in social novelty discrimination (SND),
which relies on olfactory cues, and novel object recognition (NOR), a
visual-recognition task. The dopamine D3 receptor antagonist, {"type":"entrez-protein","attrs":{"text":"S33084","term_id":"420474","term_text":"pir||S33084"}}S33084
(0.04–0.63 mg/kg), caused a dose-related reversal of
delay-dependent impairment in both SND and NOR procedures in adult rats.
Furthermore, mice genetically deficient in dopamine D3 receptors
displayed enhanced discrimination in the SND task compared with wild-type
controls. In contrast, acute treatment with the preferential dopamine
D2 receptor antagonist, L741,626
(0.16–5.0 mg/kg), or with the dopamine D3 agonist,
PD128,907 (0.63–40 μg/kg), caused a dose-related impairment
in performance in rats in both tasks after a short inter-trial delay. Bilateral
microinjection of {"type":"entrez-protein","attrs":{"text":"S33084","term_id":"420474","term_text":"pir||S33084"}}S33084 (2.5 μg/side) into the prefrontal cortex
(PFC) of rats increased SND and caused a dose-related
(0.63–2.5 μg/side) improvement in NOR, while intra-striatal
injection (2.5 μg/side) had no effect on either. In contrast,
bilateral microinjection of L741,626 into the PFC (but not striatum) caused a
dose-related (0.63–2.5 μg/side) impairment of NOR. These
observations suggest that blockade of dopamine D3 receptors enhances
both SND and NOR, whereas D3 receptor activation or antagonism of
dopamine D2 receptor impairs cognition in these paradigms.
Furthermore, these actions are mediated, at least partly, by the PFC. These data
have important implications for exploitation of dopaminergic mechanisms in the
treatment of schizophrenia and other CNS disorders, and support the potential
therapeutic utility of dopamine D3 receptor antagonism. 相似文献
Protein kinase (PK) A and the ε isoform of PKC (PKCε) are involved in the development of hypernociception (increased sensitivity to noxious or innocuous stimuli) in several animal models of acute and persistent inflammatory pain. The present study evaluated the contribution of PKA and PKCε to the development of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-induced mechanical hypernociception.
Experimental approach:
Prostaglandin E2-induced mechanical hypernociception was assessed by constant pressure rat paw test. The activation of PKA or PKCε was evaluated by radioactive enzymic assay in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of sensory neurons from the hind paws.
Key results:
Hypernociception induced by PGE2 (100 ng) by intraplantar (i.pl.) injection, was reduced by i.pl. treatment with inhibitors of PKA [A-kinase-anchoring protein St-Ht31 inhibitor peptide (AKAPI)], PKCε (PKCεI) or adenylyl cyclase. PKA activity was essential in the early phase of the induction of hypernociception, whereas PKC activity was involved in the maintenance of the later phase of hypernociception. In the DRG (L4-L5), activity of PKA increased at 30 min after injection of PGE2 but PKC activity increased only after 180 min. Moreover, i.pl. injection of the catalytic subunit of PKA induced hypernociception which was markedly reduced by pretreatment with an inhibitor of PKCε, while the hypernociception induced by paw injection of PKCε agonist was not affected by an inhibitor of PKA (AKAPI).
Conclusions and implications:
Taken together, these findings are consistent with the suggestion that PKA activates PKCε, which is a novel mechanism of interaction between these kinases during the development of PGE2-induced mechanical hypernociception. 相似文献
Cardiac iron overload is the leading cause of death in thalassemia major and is usually assessed using myocardial T2* measurements. Recently a cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) breath-hold T2 sequence has been developed as a possible alternative. This cardiac T2 technique has good interstudy reproducibility, but its transferability to different centres has not yet been investigated.
Methods and Results
The breath-hold black blood spin echo T2 sequence was installed and validated on 1.5T Siemens MR scanners at 4 different centres across the world. Using this sequence, 5–10 thalassemia patients from each centre were scanned twice locally within a week for local interstudy reproducibility (n = 34) and all were rescanned within one month at the standardization centre in London (intersite reproducibility). The local interstudy reproducibility (coefficient of variance) and mean difference were 4.4% and -0.06 ms. The intersite reproducibility and mean difference between scanners were 5.2% and -0.07 ms.
Conclusion
The breath-hold myocardial T2 technique is transferable between Siemens scanners with good intersite and local interstudy reproducibility. This technique may have value in the diagnosis and management of patients with iron overload conditions such as thalassemia. 相似文献