Chronic Toxicity, Reproductive, and Teratogenic Studies of Hexazinone

Chronic Toxicity, Reproductive, and Teratogenic Studies of Hexazinone.Kennedy, G. L., Jr., and Kaplan, A. M. (1984). Fundam. Appl.Toxicol. 4, 960–971. Hexazinone [3-cydohexyl-6-(dimethylammino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine2,4(1H,3H)-dione; CAS 51235-04-2] was tested for oral toxicityin rats (both 90-day and 2-year feeding studies), mice (8-weekand 2-year feeding studies), and dogs (90-day feeding study).The teratogenic potential was evaluated in rabbits and ratsand functional reproductive capacity was studied in rats. Ninety-dayfeeding of up to 1000 ppm produced no signs of a toxic responsein rats. Rats fed 5000 ppm had growth curves slightly inferiorto those of the controls as the only detectable difference.Extending the feeding period to 2 years produced decreased bodyweights in males fed 2500 ppm (top level tested) and in femalesfed either 1000 or 2500 ppm. All other indices of response,including the type and distribution of tumors, were similarin the test and control rats with the no-effect level being200 ppm. Eight-week feeding of up to 10,000 ppm in mice producedincreased liver weight only at the highest level without anyother changes. Two-year feeding of either 200, 2500, or 10,000ppm resulted in sloughing of the distal tip of the tail andincreased liver weights among mice fed 10,000 ppm. Hypertrophyof centrilobular hepatocytes and hyperplasic nodules were increasedin mice fed either 2500 or 10,000 ppm. No evidence of a tumorigenicresponse was evident The no-effect level was 200 ppm. Dogs fed5000 ppm for 90 days had decreased rate of body weight gainwith clinical enzyme changes suggestive of liver damage. Microscopicexamination of the liver failed to reveal any alterations anddogs fed either 200 or 1000 ppm were indistinguishable fromcontrols. The no-effect level in the dog was 1000 ppm. No evidenceof a teratogenic response was seen in either rats or rabbitsand reproduction capacity in rats fed up to 2500 ppm for threegenerations was unaffected     

The Use of Heparin in Autoimmune Hemolytic Disease

Seven patients with various forms of autoimmune hemolytic anemia weretreated with parenteral heparin. A therapeutic failure resulted in all instances.Heparin therapy did not induce a clinical response or reduce the magnitude ofhemolysis. There was no demonstrable in vivo or in vitro effect of this drugon direct and indirect antiglobulin and bromelin tests. Serum complementlevels and the degree of erythrocyte mobility were unaffected by heparin during the therapeutic trial.

Submitted on July 8, 1969 Accepted on November 25, 1969     

Congenital Orotic Aciduria: Demonstration of an Enzyme Defect in Leukocytes and Comparison with Drug-induced Orotic Aciduria

1. Leukocytes from presumed heterozygotes of congenital orotic aciduriahave been found to exhibit a partial defect in the metabolism of orotic acid.In disrupted cell preparations, orotidylic decarboxylase activity was reduced.Assay of orotidylic pyrophosphorylase activity proved to be unsatisfactory inleukocyte preparations.

2. Orotic aciduria and orotidinuria were produced by the administrationof 6-azauridine to patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia. This drug-induced impairment of pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis has been comparedto the genetically determined disorder.

3. A summary of enzymatic defects previously demonstrated in hemic cellsin human genetic disorders has been presented.

Submitted on June 11, 1962 Accepted on July 12, 1962     

BULK FLOW IN THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID SYSTEM OF THE DOG

Ventriculo-cisternal, intracranial subarachnoid-to-subarachnoid space and spinal subarachnoid space perfusions were carried out on dogs. The perfusate contained inulin as a tracer and the design of these experiments was based upon the concept that inulin leaves cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) compartments only by means of bulk absorption, and that actual diffusion and active transport of inulin is negligibly small. Inulin was removed from different CSF spaces by bulk absorption at rates which varied linearly with hydrostatic pressure. The rate of formation of CSF is equal to inulin clearance plus the difference between outflow and inflow rates. The total CSF formation in dogs weighing 12 to 17 kg was measured as 0.065 ml/min, and 58.5 per cent of this amount was found to come from extraventricular CSF space. The rates are independent of hydrostatic pressure in the range studied.     

CHILD HEALTH PROBLEMS AND PROGRAMMES IN TWO UNDERDEVELOPED AREAS OE THE USA

There are areas in the USA where the health problems of children a similar to those of children in some developing countries. Traditional US health programmes have contributed to an improvement in the health status of many of these children but there remains much more to be done.     

Immunological reactivity in dermatophytosis

Patients with Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. rubrum infections were compared in terms of cutaneous responses and in vitro lymphocyte reactivity to trichophytin and other antigens. Twelve out of fourteen T. mentagrophytes patients exhibited delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity to trichophytin. Most T. rubrum patients (thirty-seven out of forty-nine) lacked delayed reactions to trichophytin specifically, but these patients frequently manifested immediate weal reactions to this antigen. Positive lymphocyte responses correlated with the presence of delayed but not immediate cutaneous reactions. Serum from chronic T. rubrum patients failed to inhibit lymphocyte responses. Possible mechanisms for selective anergy in chronic T. rubrum patients are discussed.     

Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity of Methyl Isoamyl Ketone in Rats

Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity of Methyl Isoamyl Ketone in Rats.KATZ, G. V., RENNER, E. R., JR., AND TERHAAR, C. J. (1986).Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 6, 498–505. Rats were exposed byinhalation, 6 hr/day, 5 days/week, to target vapor concentrationsof 2000, 1000, or 0 ppm of methyl isoamyl ketone (MIAK) for12 exposures spanning 16 days, and 2000, 1000, 200, or 0 ppmfor 69 exposures spanning 96 days. Body weights, hematology,and serum clinical chemistry determinations were comparableto controls in both inhalation studies. Clinical signs of toxicitywere lethargy and decreased aural response (2000 ppm, 2-weekstudy; 2000 and 1000 ppm, 90-day study) and nasal and eye irritation(2000 and 1000 ppm, 90-day study). In addition, the excretionof gel-like casts in seminal fluid was seen in males exposedto 2000 and 1000 ppm in both studies. increases in absoluteand relative liver and kidney weights were observed in bothsexes following exposure to 2000 and 1000 ppm in the 2-weekand 90-day studies. Liver weight increases were exposure dependentand in the 90-day study reflected hepatocyte hypertrophy observedon microscopic examination. Microscopic kidney changes werehyalin degeneration or hyalin droplet formation in males inthe 2-week (2000 and 1000 ppm) and 90-day (2000 ppm) studies;and minor to moderate regeneration of tubular epithelium (2000and 1000 ppm) in both studies. Minor tubular epithelium regenerationwas seen in females exposed to 2000 ppm for 90 days. The toxicityof MIAK following inhalation exposure was not as extensive orsevere as that resulting from a prior study in which male ratswere dosed orally with 2000 mg/kg/day (a dose comparable to2000 ppm) for 13 weeks. The 90-day inhalation exposure no-observed-effectlevel for toxicity was 200 ppm MIAK.     

GUIDELINES FOR AUTOPSY IN HIV POSITIVE CASES

Autopsy on a patient who had died as a consequence of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) can be of great value in understanding the disease process. A potential risk to the prosector for acquiring the HIV exists, but if adequate preventive measures are undertaken, the risk is negligible. Indeed there is no documented evidence of a pathologist or an autopsy room attendant acquiring HIV infection while performing autopsy on a patient with AIDS. The procedures to be followed in the autopsy of the patient with AIDS are discussed.KEY WORDS: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), Autopsy in HIV Positive, Autopsy, Hospital acquired infections     

ANEURYSMAL BONE CYST IN THE MANDIBLE (A Case Report)

Aneurysmal bone cyst is commonly seen in the long bones and vertebrae and is rare in the jaws. Its association with other lesions of the bone has been stressed by many workers. Because of its variable radiological appearance, diagnosis of the lesion is established by histopathological examination. A case of aneurysmal bone cyst occurring in the mandible is reported.KEY WORDS: Aneurysmal bone cyst, Mandible