小切口胆囊切除术108例临床观察

本文报告腹部切口５－８ｃｍ的小切口胆囊切除术１０８例，与同期大切口胆囊切除术相比，具有创伤较小、恢复较快、并发症少、切口疤痕小的优点，虽不如腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）的疼痛轻、恢复快，但并症比ＬＣ少，只要适应症选择得当，在术者的经验和技术较成熟的情况下，不昔为一种可供选择的方法。     

50例冠心病某些生化基础观测的临床诊断意义

对５０例冠心病患者进行某些生化基础观测，发现冠心病肾阴虚与糖耐量减低有关，肾阳虚患者尿１７－羟低於正常；而冠心病标证有其生化基础，与甘油三酯增高有密切相关。     

芸香甙对大鼠内囊血肿的治疗作用

芸香甙是黄酮类化合物，就其对大鼠内囊血肿的保护作用进行了初步研究。在内囊血肿大鼠模型上，芸香甙５０、１００ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１可以明显改善大鼠的神经症状，降低神经症状和评分；芸香甙显著降低脑组织的丙二醛含量和提高超氧化物歧化酶的活性。     

采用生活垃圾研制烧结砖

该文介绍了用好氧发酵工艺对新鲜生活垃圾进行预处理,用做制砖的原料。制砖工艺采用对辊,双轴搅拌,真空挤出,轮窑烧成等工序,垃圾掺加量为30％～50％,可完全取代内掺材料,节省90％以上的煤炭。     

Multiple sclerosis: myelin basic protein induced mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines in mononuclear cells is suppressed by interferon-β 1b in vitro

Beta-interferon (IFN-β) is a promising treatment in multiple sclerosis (MS), reducing the exacerbation rate and MRI lesion burden, as well as the disease progression in relapsing-remitting MS. IFN-β was originally defined by its antiviral effects, but the interest has recently been focused on its immunomodulatory properties. Myelin basic protein (MBP) is one of several autoantigens considered to be the target for autoaggressive immune responses, which eventually might lead to the development of MS. To study in-vitro effects of IFN-β1b on MBP induced cytokine expression, mRNA for the Th1 cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α, the Th2 related IL-4 and IL-6, the cytolytic perforin and the immune response downregulating TGF-β was measured with in situ hybridization after culture of blood mononuclear cells (MNC) in the presence and absence of MBP. Numbers of cells expressing IFN-γ, TNF-α, perforin and IL-4 mRNA were significantly suppressed after culture with 10 U/ml IFN-β1b. No such effect was seen on MBP induced IL-6 or TGF-β mRNA expression. These observations suggest that one of the major effects of IFN-β1b is the induction of a shift in the cytokine mRNA profile towards a more immunosuppressive pattern. In parallel in vitro tests, the control substance dexametasone (40 μg/ml) reduced the numbers of cells expressing mRNA for all cytokines under study with the exception of TGF-β, to an extent equal to or even more pronounced than IFN-β1b.     

Obesity in youth and middle age and risk of colorectal cancer in men

To investigate an association between colon cancer and obesity during early adulthood—a potentially important period in the etiology of this disease—the authors assembled, by computer linkage, a population-based historical cohort of 52,539 men born between 1913 and 1927 residing in Hawaii (USA), for whom weight and height had been recorded in 1942–43 and 1972. Linkage of this cohort to the Hawaii Tumor Registry resulted in the identification of 737 incident cases of colorectal cancer for 1972–86. An average of 3.8 cancer-free controls were matched to each case on month and year of birth and ethnicity of the parents. A case-control analysis in each anatomic subsite of the large bowel revealed that both early and middle-age body mass increased the risk of sigmoid cancer in men in a dose-dependent fashion. The odds ratios (OR) for sigmoid cancer for the highest compared with the lowest tertiles of Quetelet index were: 2.1 (95 percent confidence interval [CI]=1.4–3.2) and 1.7 (CI=1.1–2.5), at ages 15–29 and in prediagnostic years, respectively. These associations were additive and idependent of socioeconomic status. Men who were above the median Quetelet index in 1942 and 1972 had an OR of 2.7 (CI=1.8–4.0), compared with those who were below the median in both periods. This study provides further evidence for an association of obesity with colon cancer in men and suggests that this association is limited to the sigmoid colon and may be related to both early and late events of colon carcinogenesis.The authors are with the Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii. Address correspondence to Dr Le Marchand, Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, 1236 Lauhala Street, Suite 407, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA. This work was supported in part by Public Health Service grant 5-R29-CA44503 and contract NO1-CN-55424 from the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services.     

精氨酸加压素（AVP）的衍生物AVP4—8不能作用于AVPV1a受体而诱发电流反应

在微量注射大量肝脏ｍＲＮＡ之后，通过电压箝方法进行功能鉴定，两栖类卵母细胞成功地表达了ＡＶＰＶ１ａ受体。但在灌流ＡＶ４－８溶液时，却不能诱导卵母细胞产生内向振荡电流反应。提示ＡＶＰ４－８不能通过ＡＶＰＶ１ａ受体而介导生理学效应。     

Study on lymphocyte activation and proliferation induced by anti-CD3 McAb

Summary T cell activation and proliferation via CD₃-TCR complex were investigated by lymphocyte DNA synthesis in vitro. Several interfering factors were also discussed. The result indicated that lymphocyte activation and proliferation are calciumdependent. A rise of cytoplasmic free Ca²⁺ quickly following activation with CD₃ McAb is mainly due to intracellular mobilization of Ca²⁺, while lymphocyte proliferation needs both intracellular mobilization of Ca²⁺ as well as influx of extracellular Ca²⁺. It was confirmed that CTX sensitive G protein plays a role in regulating T cell proliferation by pretreatment with CTX suppressing lymphocyte³H-TdR incorporation obviously. PLC and PKC inhibitor neomycin and P. S. S could also decrease T cell proliferation.     

Clinical analysis of congenital bile duct dilatation: Experience with 160 patients over a 7-year period

From July 1989, to June 1996, 160 patients with congenital bile duct dilatation (CBD) were treated at our institution. The incidence of CBD at our institution has increased annually. In approximately 90% of patients with CBD there was associated anomalous arrangement of the pancreaticobiliary ductal system, and we concluded that this was one of the main causes of CBD. Pediatric endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was first introduced to China in 1989, and has been successfully performed in 90.2% of 92 patients at our institution. We found that age at diagnosis was closely related to the subtype, complications, and mortality of CBD. The subtype also correlated with the presenting symptoms. One hundred and forty-seven of the 160 patients underwent surgery. Of these 147 patients, 136 (92.5%) were cured with normal liver function and 9 (6.1%) improved with liver impairment. Two patients died, one of postoperative pneumonia and one of liver failure. We conclude that early radical surgery and careful postoperative follow-up are essential in the prevention of CBD complications such as cholangitis, pancreatitis, biliary stones, and development of carcinoma. This article is based on a special lecture delivered before the 19th meeting of the Japanese Society of Pancreatico-biliary Maljunction, on September 14, 1996, in Tokyo     

Elevated extracellular potassium is associated with a reduced extracellular space in rat neural lobe in vitro

Summary Increased neural activity of neurosecretory cells is accompanied by large increases in extracellular K⁺. The possibility that elevations of this ion might involve fluid redistribution and thus affect the size of the extracellular space and the relationship between pituicytes and axons in the rat neural lobe was explored using rapid freezing and freeze-substitution. Neural lobes were incubated for 15 min before freezing either in a normal medium or one containing a 10 mM increase in KCl (high KCl), a 10 mM increase in KCl balanced by an equimolar reduction in NaCl (high KCl-low NaCl), or only a 10 mM reduction in NaCl (low NaCl). A quantitative assessment of the region of good fixation was made to determine the relative fractions occupied by axons, pituicytes and the extracellular space near the neurohaemal contact zone. In addition, the percentage of basal lamina contacted by pituicytes and axons was calculated, as was the degree of enclosure of axons by pituicytes.In neural lobes incubated in normal medium, the extracellular space accounted for approximately 30% of the cross-sectional area of the neuropil and could be divided into two domains: an extended perivascular space (28–29% of total area); and a narrow (approximately 24 nm; approximately 1% of total) space between closely apposed neurosecretory processes or between these processes and pituicytes. Pituicytes occupied almost 60% of the basal lamina at the neurohaemal contact zone, while axons occupied approximately 20%. Neural lobes incubated in either the high KCl solution, or in the high KCl-low NaCl solution, exhibited a significantly reduced extracellular space, to about 20% of the total area, or a reduction from controls of about one-third. The reduction was complemented by an increased area occupied by axons plus pituicytes. In the high KCl group, the contribution of the narrow spaces (22–24 nm) between apposed processes to the total extracellular space was greatly increased. The group exposed to low NaCl showed high variability in the size of extracellular space, and was thus not significantly different from any other group. No changes in any group were observed in the enclosure of axons by pituicytes, or in the relative amounts of axon and pituicyte apposition to the basal lamina.The subsequent buffering of K⁺ and other ions during periods of increased neuronal activity may be affected by changes in the extracellular space, thereby influencing stimulus-secretion coupling. A shrinkage of the extracellular space and the relative increase in the narrow spaces between processes initiated by elevated K⁺ could also alter the diffusion properties of the neural lobe.