Repeated testing attenuates conditioned place preference with cocaine

Cocaine-treated rats acquired a preference for cocaine-associated contextual stimuli (CS) relative to saline-injected control rats. However, when animals were given repeated tests for conditioned place preference intermittent between conditioning trials, they displayed an attenuation in strength of conditioning. This attenuation was not due to pharmacologic tolerance (Experiment 1), but rather reflected a disruption in learning due to exposure to the CS alone (Experiment 2). Like other examples of classical conditioning, the strength of the conditioned response (CR) as assessed by the conditioned place preference model may be influenced by partial reinforcement.     

Distance learning in a school nurse credential program.

Distance learning, which encompasses many methodologies, is becoming a more readily available educational alternative. Because there are a limited number of school nurse credential programs and the demand for school nurses is increasing, distance learning may be a viable method of instruction. This article describes the authors' experiences organizing and presenting distance learning courses to five remote sites for students in a university school nurse credential program. After numerous inquiries, potential students from several areas were surveyed, and arrangements were made with universities in those areas to receive two-way audio and video transmissions of two seminar courses; later, two clinically oriented courses in the school nurse program. Students were able to complete their program requirements by taking equivalent course work at their local universities. Perceptions of students and the instructor, course evaluation, and practical suggestions are shared. Guidelines for potential students about selecting quality distance education programs are also noted.     

Advances in pediatric emergency department procedures

Pediatric procedures in the Emergency Department typically involve techniques for stabilization, evaluation, and treatment of the child. This article considers indications and techniques for vascular access, lumbar puncture, arterial lines, pulse oximetry, and urine collection. Multiple routes of medication administration and pain management modalities also are reviewed.     

Teaching scholars programs: faculty development for educators in the health professions.

OBJECTIVE: This article 1) provides an overview of formal Health Sciences Teaching Scholars Programs as presented in medical education literature and 2) presents information about an innovative multidiscipline Teaching Scholars Program. METHOD: Health Sciences Teaching Scholars Programs and similar programs were reviewed in the medical education literature to identify similar and dissimilar characteristics. The WVU Teaching Scholars Program highlighted in this article is presented with a discussion of goals, objectives, target audiences, course length, session frequency, program topics, learning methods, and assessments of the programs. A summary of the WVU Teaching Scholars Program and two Teaching Scholars Programs at McGill University and the University of Toronto were presented at the Association for American Medical Colleges (AAMC) annual meeting in 2006 for input from the general medical education audience. RESULTS: Comparisons of Health Sciences Teaching Scholars Programs reveal that successful programs are uniquely shaped by their educational environments. Scholars report that they value learning new teaching methods and improving their educational careers. CONCLUSION: Teaching Scholars Programs are valuable for the development of enhancing both teaching and scholarship in Health Sciences Programs and must adapt to the uniqueness of their respective educational environments and must continue to nurture scholars beyond graduation.     

Toxicity, inflammation, and anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activity following exposure to chemical moieties of C31G.

C31G, which has potent activity against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and an established record of safety in animal studies and human trials, is a microbicidal agent comprised of a buffered equimolar mixture of two amphoteric, surface-active agents: an alkyl amine oxide (C14AO) and an alkyl betaine (C16B). Studies of long-term in vitro exposure to C31G and its constituents have suggested that the components of C31G may contribute differentially to its toxicity and efficacy. In the present studies, in vitro assays of cytotoxicity and anti-HIV-1 activity demonstrated that C16B was slightly less cytotoxic compared to either C31G or C14AO, whereas the anti-HIV-1 activities of C31G and its individual constituents were similar. In the murine model of cervicovaginal microbicide toxicity, in vivo exposure to C14AO resulted in severe cervical inflammation followed by a delayed disruption of the columnar epithelium. In contrast, exposure to C16B caused severe cervical epithelial disruption and a secondary, less intense inflammatory response. These results demonstrate that (i) there are both mechanistic and temporal differences in toxicity associated with the components of C31G not necessarily predicted by in vitro assessments of cytotoxicity and (ii) contributions of each component to the anti-HIV-1 activity of C31G appear to be equal. In addition, these findings indicate that direct and indirect mechanisms of in vivo toxicity can be observed as separate but interrelated events. These results provide further insight into the activity of C31G, as well as mechanisms potentially associated with microbicide toxicity.     

Doppler echocardiography of 119 normal-functioning St Jude Medical mitral valve prostheses: a comprehensive assessment including time-velocity integral ratio and prosthesis performance index.

The purpose of this study was to provide, in a large number of patients, comprehensive Doppler echocardiographic assessment of normal St Jude Medical mitral valve prosthesis function using Doppler-derived hemodynamic variables, including the mitral valve prosthesis-to-left ventricular outflow tract time-velocity integral ratio and prosthesis performance index. The pressure half-time was less than 130 milliseconds in all patients, and all but one patient had either a peak early mitral diastolic velocity of 2 m/s or less or a mitral valve prosthesis-to-left ventricular outflow tract time-velocity integral ratio of less than 2.2. There was a significant (P < .001) negative correlation between the prosthesis performance index and prosthesis size. This negative correlation suggests that there is more efficient use of the in vitro geometric orifice area with smaller prostheses.     

Serum protein electrophoresis patterns in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clinical and epidemiologic correlations

Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) data obtained at diagnosis were available for 98 of 342 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) identified in a population-based case-control epidemiologic study. Patients tested with SPEP at diagnosis were significantly younger, more likely to have lymphadenopathy, and more likely to have had their conditions diagnosed at a university hospital than those not tested. Four categories of electrophoretic patterns were identified: normal (N = 56), hypogammaglobulinemia (N = 28), hypergammaglobulinemia (N = 11), and monoclonal gammopathy (N = 3). A higher proportion of those with hypergammaglobulinemia were black, and patients with hypergammaglobulinemia and monoclonal gammopathy were more likely to die within the first year following diagnosis than patients in the other SPEP groups. No association was found, however, between SPEP pattern and a clinical staging classification for CLL. These findings suggest that SPEP may be a useful adjunct in categorizing possible subtypes of CLL and developing future clinical staging classifications.