2012年中国CHINET血培养临床分离菌的分布及耐药性

目的了解2012年中国CHINET血培养分离菌的构成及耐药性。方法对中国CHINET 细菌耐药监测网2012年1月至12月所有血培养分离菌,按统一方案用K‐B纸片扩散法进行抗菌药物敏感试验。结果2012年自血标本中共获分离菌8490株,其中革兰阳性球菌占56．0％,革兰阴性杆菌占44．0％。居前10位的分离菌依次为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS ）（35．5％）、大肠埃希菌（16．4％）、克雷伯菌属（9．8％）（其中91．1％为肺炎克雷伯菌）、肠球菌属（7．2％）、金黄色葡萄球菌（金葡菌）（7．2％）、不动杆菌属（5．9％）（其中93．8％为鲍曼不动杆菌）、草绿色链球菌（4．3％）、铜绿假单胞菌（3．2％）、肠杆菌属（2．4％）和洋葱伯克霍尔德菌（1．5％） ,占所有分离菌株的93．5％。甲氧西林耐药金葡菌（M RSA ）、甲氧西林耐药 CNS （MRCNS）分别占金葡菌和CNS的50．8％和61．7％。粪肠球菌对高浓度庆大霉素和氨苄西林的耐药率分别为29．0％和10． 9％,屎肠球菌对多数测试药物的耐药率显著高于粪肠球菌。草绿色链球菌对青霉素的耐药率为3．8％。儿童分离株中青霉素耐药肺炎链球菌株为31．2％,与成人分离株大致相仿（34．1％）。葡萄球菌属、肺炎链球菌、其他链球菌属和粪肠球菌中均未发现万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药菌株,屎肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率为3．5％。大肠埃希菌、肠杆菌属、沙雷菌属、变形菌属和枸橼酸菌属等肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类的耐药率均在10．0％以下,唯克雷伯菌属对碳青霉烯类耐药率为11．2％～19．8％。不发酵糖革兰阴性杆菌对碳青霉烯类耐药率较高,铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类的耐药率近30．0％,对不动杆菌属耐药率达70．0％以上。结论2012年中国CHINET监测资料显示,血培养分离菌仍以革兰阳性菌为主,但检出比例有所下降,革兰阴性菌有所上升。血培养分离株对常用抗菌药物耐药性仍严重,尤其革兰阴性菌对碳青霉烯类耐药率呈上升趋势。因此应合理应用抗菌药物,并加强医院感染控制措施抑制耐药菌传播。     

不同程度铅中毒大鼠模型的制备

目的：建立不同程度大鼠铅中毒模型。方法：Wistar大鼠分别自由饮用不同浓度的醋酸铅1、3、6个月,以原子吸收法测定全血和脑匀浆液的铅水平。结果：实验组全血和脑匀浆中的铅水平均明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）,且二者的铅水平随染铅时问的延长、浓度的增加均明显升高（P〈0．05）。结论：以不同时间、不同浓度染铅均成功地建立了大鼠铅中毒模型。     

下腔静脉滤器置入与下肢深静脉血栓形成复发的相关性分析

目的探讨下腔静脉滤器(ICVF)置入与下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)治疗后复发的关系。方法回顾性分析2002年1月至2009年3月我院的确诊为DVT且符合入选标准的261例患者的临床资料。按照随访结果将患者分为复发组和未复发组,分别对可能引起复发的相关因素,如年龄、性别、分型、是否放置ICVF等11项因素进行对比分析。结果多因素logistic回归法分析放置ICVF,未完成抗凝治疗,分型及未行压力循环袜治疗是下肢DVT治疗后复发的独立危险因素(P0.05),而其他7项因素与DVT复发无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 ICVF置入是DVT治疗后复发的重要危险因素,使用压力循环袜治疗和规范的抗凝治疗对预防DVT治疗后复发有重要的临床意义。     

Cost‐utility of exercise therapy in adolescents and young adults suffering from the patellofemoral pain syndrome

The objective of this paper was to determine the cost effectiveness of exercise therapy (intervention group) compared with “usual care” (control group) in adolescents and young adults with the patellofemoral pain syndrome in primary care. This multicenter prospective randomized clinical trial with cost‐utility analysis was conducted at 38 general practices and three sport medical advice centers in the Netherlands for 2007. A total of 131 patients were included. The annual direct medical costs per patient were significantly higher for the intervention group (€434) compared with the control group (€299) mainly caused by additional physiotherapy visits. The average annual societal costs per patient were significantly lower in the intervention group (€1011 vs €1.166). Productivity costs were the largest cost component, in particular costs due to reduced efficiency at paid work which were responsible for 47% and 56% of the total costs in the intervention and control group respectively. Patients in the intervention group experienced a slightly, but not significantly, higher quality of life (0.8722 vs 0.8617). With a cost effectiveness ratio of ?€14 738 per quality adjusted life year, exercise therapy appears to be cost effective as compared with “usual care.”     

Feasibility and effectiveness of a targeted diabetes prevention program for 18 to 60-year-old South Asian migrants: design and methods of the DH!AAN study

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: South Asian migrants are at particularly high risk of type 2 diabetes. Previous studies have shown that intensive lifestyle interventions may prevent the onset of diabetes. Such interventions have not been culturally adapted and evaluated among South Asians in industrialized countries. Therefore, we have set up a randomized controlled trial to study the effectiveness of a targeted lifestyle intervention for the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors among 18 to 60-year-old Hindustani Surinamese (South Asians) in The Hague, the Netherlands. Here we present the study design and describe the characteristics of those recruited. METHODS: Between May 18, 2009 and October 11, 2010, we screened 2307 Hindustani Surinamese (18-60 years old) living in The Hague. We sent invitations to participate to those who had an impaired fasting glucose of 5.6-6.9 mmol/l, an impaired glucose tolerance of 7.8-11.0 mmol/L, a glycated hemoglobin level of 6.0% or more and/or a value of 2.39 or more for the homeostasis model assessment of estimated insulin resistance. In total, 536 people (56.1% of those eligible) participated. People with a higher level of education and a family history of type 2 diabetes were more likely to participate. The control and intervention groups were similar with regard to important background characteristics. The intervention group will receive a culturally targeted intervention consisting of dietary counseling using motivational interviewing and a supervised physical activity program. The control group will receive generic lifestyle advice. To determine the effectiveness, a physical examination (anthropometrics, cardiorespiratory test, lipid profile, and measures of oral glucose tolerance, glycated hemoglobin, and insulin) and interview (physical activity, diet, quality of life, and intermediate outcomes) were carried out at baseline and will be repeated at 1 year and 2 years. The process and the costs will be evaluated. DISCUSSION: This trial will provide insight into the feasibility and effectiveness of a targeted, intensive, lifestyle intervention for the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors among 18 to 60-year-old South Asians. Trial registration: Dutch Trial Register: NTR1499.     

伊立替康治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌临床观察

目的：观察伊立替康（开普拓）联合顺铂治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌（Non-Small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）的疗效以及不良反应。方法：经病理学或细胞学确诊的初治晚期NSCLC患者30例,男性18例,女性12例,中位年龄45岁（波动于33-56岁之间）,KPS评分〉70。接受顺铂60-80 mg.（m^2）^-1联合开普拓60 mg.（m^2）^-1第1d、8d、15d静脉滴注,每4周重复。至少2周期以上,可评价疗效及不良反应。结果：全组PR7例,SD21例,PD2例,总有效率为23%。中位生存时间10.5个月,1年生存为率57%（17/30）。主要不良反应为延迟性腹泻和粒细胞减少。结论：伊立替康联合顺铂治疗晚期NSCLC疗效确切,不良反应发生率低,耐受性较好。     

长耽典籍若谈蔗饴——谈"功夫在医外"

文学素养的提高、医籍经典的研读,对培养医学大家具有重要意义.本文首先举例说明悟经典著作之精髓,临床才能得心应手,其次阐述古代文字和文化知识的重要性,再次谈及孙思邈、李时珍、岳美中等的著述中所论对典籍学习的重要性,最后从<左传>旁及古文化知识学习要有目的、有选择.     

恶性冬眠瘤的临床病理和免疫组化及超微结构观察

目的：了解恶性冬眠瘤独特的临床病理和免疫组化及超微结构变化。方法：收集2例恶性冬眠瘤和4例粘液性脂肪肉瘤的临床资料,所有标本光镜常规切片观察,免疫组化染色检测CKp,SMA,RMA,MyOD1,S100,PCNA,p53。冬眠瘤和粘液性脂肪肉瘤各1例取新鲜组织做透射电镜观察。结果：恶性冬眠瘤与粘液性脂肪肉瘤有显著的组织学、免疫组化和超微结构的不同;例1与腺泡状软组织肉瘤的组织学和免疫组化改变相似,唯有超微结构不同。例2免疫组化与有腺泡样结构的肉瘤不同。结论：恶性冬眠瘤的诊断主要靠超微结构的观察和免疫组化染色。     

Growth, puberty and obesity after treatment for leukaemia

Final height, body proportions, pubertal growth and body mass index were studied retrospectively in 142 survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Treatment consisted of combination chemotherapy and cranial irradiation (18 or 24 Gy). Significant standing height loss and disproportion, with a relatively short back, was seen in both radiation dose groups. Girls were more severely affected than boys. Pubertal growth was adversely affected, with a reduction in peak height velocity in both sexes. Puberty occurred early in girls but at the normal time in boys. Nearly half the group were obese at final height, with no significant difference in incidence between the sexes. The relative roles of cranial irradiation and chemotherapy in the disturbance of growth, puberty and body composition observed in survivors of childhood ALL remain unclear. The aetiology is almost certainly multifactorial, with radiation-induced growth hormone insufficiency, early puberty, steroids and chemotherapy all having a role.