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Method: During Phase 1 of this study, survey data were collected from an ethnically diverse sample of 296 youth aged 13–23 years, recruited from both service and natural “hang-out” sites using systematic sampling methods. During Phase 2, qualitative data were collected from 46 youth of varying ethnicities and lengths of time homeless.
Results: Drop-in centers and shelters were the most commonly used services (reported by 78% and 40%, respectively). Other services were used less frequently [e.g., medical services (28%), substance abuse treatment (10%) and mental health services (9%)]. Utilization rates differed by ethnicity, length of time in Los Angeles, and city of first homeless episode (Los Angeles versus all others). Shelter use was strongly associated with use of all other services. Despite youths’ generally positive reactions to services, barriers were described including rules perceived to be restrictive, and concerns youth had about confidentiality and mandated reporting. Youth suggested improvements including more targeted services, more long-term services, revised age restrictions, and more and/or better job training and transitional services to get them off the streets.
Conclusions: Because shelters and drop-in centers act as gateways to other services and offer intervention potential for these hard-to-reach youth, it is vital that we understand the perceived barriers to service utilization. 相似文献
World Progress In Surgery
Road trauma and its prevention—Introduction 相似文献- (1) Only the neurons with receptive fields located on inflamed areas (168/194 in 33 rats) have been considered in this study. 27/168 activated only by brushing displayed the classical properties of lemniscal responses; only 20/168 were activated exclusively by intense cutaneous stimuli and 13/168 already activated by light cutaneous stimuli had enhanced discharges when the stimulus intensity was increased. By contrast numerous units (108/168) were excited by mild stimulations applied to the joints or to adjacent cutaneous areas (82 were driven by joint movement and/or mild lateral pressure on the articulation, 26 by brushing the overlapping skin); these responses presented atypical characteristics and displayed unusual patterns with very long afterdischarges of duration several times that of the stimulus.
- (2) In 20 additional arthritic rats, responses to transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES) and/or to noxious heat, were obtained for 34 neurones responding to joint stimuli.
- (a) 16 of 18 neurones tested with transcutaneous electrical stimulation had latencies of 25–100 ms, and thresholds of 1–4 mA (width of shock 2 ms). (b) Neurones activated by joint stimuli frequently responded to noxious heat (radiant or waterbath). Initially, their response thresholds tested in 16 neurones were higher by about 4°C than those of ‘noxious’ VB neurones in normal rats; however, following sensitization to heat, thresholds were decreased by 4°C. For 8 neurones there was a linear relation between stimulus intensity and responses.
- (3) Several different factors which could explain the important modifications of neuronal responses in VB complex of arthritic rats by comparison with normal are proposed in the discussion.