Effects of nasal obstruction on maturation of the jaw-opening reflex in growing rats

Objective

Nasal obstruction during growth changes craniofacial morphology and function. However, the etiological mechanisms of these changes are unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of nasal obstruction during growth on the maturation of the jaw-opening reflex (JOR) using an electrophysiological technique. We focused on the oral sensory receptors that regulate the activities and reflexes of the orofacial muscles.

Design

Sixty 6-day-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control and experimental groups (n = 30 each). The experimental group underwent unilateral nasal obstruction at 8 days of age. The JOR was evoked by bilateral, low-intensity electrical stimulation of the inferior alveolar nerve. The electromyographic responses were recorded bilaterally from the digastric muscles at 5, 7, and 9 weeks of age.

Results

The latency of the JOR was significantly longer and the peak-to-peak amplitude was significantly smaller in the experimental group than in the control group at each age, while the duration was not significantly different. Intragroup comparison of the latency, peak-to-peak amplitude, and duration at 5, 7, and 9 weeks of age revealed no significant differences in either the control or experimental groups.

Conclusions

Unilateral nasal obstruction during growth may have significant effects on maturation of craniofacial function.     

Toxic and therapeutic effects of Nifurtimox and Benznidazol on Trypanosoma cruzi ex vivo infection of human placental chorionic villi explants

Nifurtimox (Nfx) and Benznidazole (Bnz) are the only available drugs in use for the treatment of Chagas disease. These drugs are recommended but not fully validated in evidence-based medicine and reports about the differential toxicity of both drugs are controversial. Here, we evaluated the toxic and therapeutic effects of Nfx and Bnz on human placental chorionic villi explants (HPCVE) during ex vivo infection of Trypanosoma cruzi, performing histopathological, histochemical, immunohistochemical as well as immunofluorescence analysis of the tissue. Additionally, we determined the effect of both drugs on parasite load by real time PCR. Bnz prevents the parasite induced tissue damage in ex vivo infected HPCVE compared to Nfx, which is toxic per se. The presence of T. cruzi antigens and DNA in infected explants suggests that these drugs do not impair parasite invasion into the HPCVE. Additionally, our results confirm reports suggesting that Bnz is less toxic than Nfx and support the need for the development of more effective and better-tolerated drugs.     

Participant Engagement and Reactance to a Short,Animated Video About Added Sugars: Web-based Randomized Controlled Trial

BackgroundShort, animated story-based (SAS) videos are a novel and promising strategy for promoting health behaviors. To gain traction as an effective health communication tool, SAS videos must demonstrate their potential to engage a diverse and global audience. In this study, we evaluate engagement with a SAS video about the consumption of added sugars, which is narrated by a child (a nonthreatening character), a mother (a neutral layperson), or a physician (a medical expert).ObjectiveThis study aims to (1) assess whether engagement with the sugar intervention video differs by narrator type (child, mother, physician) and trait proneness to reactance and (2) assess whether the demographic characteristics of the participants (age, gender, education status) are associated with different engagement profiles with the sugar intervention video.MethodsIn December 2020, after 4013 participants from the United Kingdom completed our randomized controlled trial, we offered participants assigned to the placebo arms (n=1591, 39.65%) the choice to watch the sugar intervention video (without additional compensation) as posttrial access to treatment. We measured engagement as the time that participants chose to watch the 3.42-minute video and collected data on age, gender, education status, and trait reactance proneness. Using ordinary least squares regression, we quantified the association of the demographic characteristics and trait reactance proneness with the sugar video view time.ResultsOverall, 66.43% (n=1047) of the 1576 participants in the 2 placebo arms voluntarily watched the sugar intervention video. The mean view time was 116.35 (52.4%) of 222 seconds. Results show that view times did not differ by narrator (child, mother, physician) and that older participants (aged 25-59 years, mean = 125.2 seconds) watched the sugar video longer than younger adults (aged 18-25 years, mean = 83.4 seconds). View time remained consistent across education levels. Participants with low trait reactance (mean = 119.3 seconds) watched the intervention video longer than high-trait-reactance participants (mean = 95.3 seconds), although this association did not differ by narrator type.ConclusionsThe majority of participants in our study voluntarily watched more than half of the sugar intervention video, which is a promising finding. Our results suggest that SAS videos may need to be shorter than 2 minutes to engage people who are young or have high trait proneness to reactance. We also found that the choice of narrator (child, mother, or physician) for our video did not significantly affect participant engagement. Future videos, aimed at reaching diverse audiences, could be customized for different age groups, where appropriate.Trial RegistrationGerman Clinical Trials Register DRKS00022340; https://www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL_ID=DRKS00022340International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)RR2-10.2196/25343     

An Infant Formula with Large,Milk Phospholipid-Coated Lipid Droplets Supports Adequate Growth and Is Well-Tolerated in Healthy,Term Asian Infants: A Randomized,Controlled Double-Blind Clinical Trial

Lipids are essential for healthy infant growth and development. The structural complexity of lipids in human milk is not present in infant milk formula (IF). A concept IF was developed mimicking more closely the structure and composition of human milk fat globules. The current study evaluates whether a concept IF with large, milk phospholipid-coated lipid droplets (mode diameter 3 to 5 μm) is equivalent to standard IF with regard to growth adequacy and safety in healthy, term Asian infants. In this randomized, double-blind, controlled trial, infants were randomized after parents decided to introduce formula. Infants received a standard IF with (Control) or without the specific prebiotic mixture scGOS/lcFOS (9:1 ratio; Control w/o prebiotics), or a Concept IF with large, milk phospholipid-coated lipid droplets and the prebiotic mixture. A group of 67 breastfed infants served as a reference. As a priori defined, only those infants who were fully intervention formula-fed ≤28 days of age were included in the equivalence analysis (Control n = 29; Control w/o prebiotics n = 28; Concept n = 35, per-protocol population). Primary outcome was daily weight gain during the first four months of life, with the difference between the Concept and Control as the key comparison of interest. Additionally, adverse events, growth and tolerance parameters were evaluated. Equivalence of daily weight gain was demonstrated between the Concept and Control group after additional correction for ethnicity and birthweight (difference in estimated means of 0.1 g/d, 90%CI [−2.30, 2.47]; equivalence margin +/− 3 g/d). No clinically relevant group differences were observed in secondary growth outcomes, tolerance outcomes or number, severity or relatedness of adverse events. This study corroborates that an infant formula with large, milk phospholipid-coated lipid droplets supports adequate growth and is well tolerated and safe for use in healthy infants.     

Hippocampal and parahippocampal volumes vary by sex and traumatic life events in children

BackgroundChildhood trauma is reliably associated with smaller hippocampal volume in adults; however, this finding has not been shown in children, and even less is known about how sex and trauma interact to affect limbic structural development in children.MethodsTypically developing children aged 9 to 15 years who completed a trauma history questionnaire and structural T₁-weighted MRI were included in this study (n = 172; 85 female, 87 male). All children who reported 4 or more traumas (n = 36) composed the high trauma group, and all children who reported 3 or fewer traumas (n = 136) composed the low trauma group. Using multivariate analysis of covariance, we compared FreeSurfer-derived structural MRI volumes (normalized by total intracranial volume) of the amygdalar, hippocampal and parahippocampal regions by sex and trauma level, controlling for age and study site.ResultsWe found a significant sex × trauma interaction, such that girls with high trauma had greater volumes than boys with high trauma. Follow-up analyses indicated significantly increased volumes for girls and generally decreased volumes for boys, specifically in the hippocampal and parahippocampal regions for the high trauma group; we observed no sex differences in the low trauma group. We noted no interaction effect for the amygdalae.LimitationsWe assessed a community sample and did not include a clinical sample. We did not collect data about the ages at which children experienced trauma.ConclusionResults revealed that psychological trauma affects brain development differently in girls and boys. These findings need to be followed longitudinally to elucidate how structural differences progress and contribute to well-known sex disparities in psychopathology.     

Could Guillain–Barré syndrome be triggered by COVID‐19 vaccination?

Due to SARS‐COV‐2 (COVID‐19) pandemic and its catastrophic impact on society, the FDA granted emergency use authorization for some vaccines. Possible rare side effects could not have been observed in this relatively short period. We are reporting an elderly lady with multiple comorbidities who presented with progressive lower limb weakness that started seven days after receiving the first dose of the COVID‐19 vaccine. The electrodiagnostic study showed demyelinating polyneuropathy with secondary axonal degeneration consistent with Guillain–Barré syndrome. We ruled out other possible causes for GBS, suggesting a postvaccine nature for her presentation. The patient received intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) for five days and gradually improved, which supports our initial diagnosis.