Electron beam lithography for direct patterning of MoS2 on PDMS substrates

Precise patterning of 2D materials into micro- and nanostructures presents a considerable challenge and many efforts are dedicated to the development of processes alternative to the standard lithography. In this work we show a fabrication technique based on direct electron beam lithography (EBL) on MoS₂ on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates. This easy and fast method takes advantage of the interaction of the electron beam with the PDMS, which at high enough doses leads to cross-linking and shrinking of the polymer. At the same time, the adhesion of MoS₂ to PDMS is enhanced in the exposed regions. The EBL acceleration voltages and doses are optimized in order to fabricate well-defined microstructures, which can be subsequently transferred to either a flexible or a rigid substrate, to obtain the negative of the exposed image. The reported procedure greatly simplifies the fabrication process and reduces the number of steps compared to standard lithography and etching. As no additional polymer, such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) or photoresists, are used during the whole process the resulting samples are free of residues.

Precise patterning of 2D materials into micro- and nanostructures presents a considerable challenge and many efforts are dedicated to the development of processes alternative to the standard lithography.     

Beta thalassemia minor is a beneficial determinant of red blood cell storage lesion

Blood donor genetics and lifestyle affect the quality of red blood cell (RBC) storage. Heterozygotes for beta thalassemia (bThal⁺) constitute a non-negligible proportion of blood donors in the Mediterranean and other geographical areas. The unique hematological profile of bThal⁺ could affect the capacity of enduring storage stress, however, the storability of bThal⁺ RBC is largely unknown. In this study, RBC from 18 bThal⁺ donors were stored in the cold and profiled for primary (hemolysis) and secondary (phosphatidylserine exposure, potassium leakage, oxidative stress) quality measures, and metabolomics, versus sex- and age-matched controls. The bThal⁺ units exhibited better levels of storage hemolysis and susceptibility to lysis following osmotic, oxidative and mechanical insults. Moreover, bThal⁺ RBC had a lower percentage of surface removal signaling, reactive oxygen species and oxidative defects to membrane components at late stages of storage. Lower potassium accumulation and higher uratedependent antioxidant capacity were noted in the bThal⁺ supernatant. Full metabolomics analyses revealed alterations in purine and arginine pathways at baseline, along with activation of the pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis upstream to pyruvate kinase in bThal⁺ RBC. Upon storage, substantial changes were observed in arginine, purine and vitamin B6 metabolism, as well as in the hexosamine pathway. A high degree of glutamate generation in bThal⁺ RBC was accompanied by low levels of purine oxidation products (IMP, hypoxanthine, allantoin). The bThal mutations impact the metabolism and the susceptibility to hemolysis of stored RBC, suggesting good post-transfusion recovery. However, hemoglobin increment and other clinical outcomes of bThal⁺ RBC transfusion deserve elucidation by future studies.     

Assessing Long-Term Impact of Dietary Interventions on Occurrence of Symptoms Consistent with Hypoglycemia in Patients without Diabetes: A One-Year Follow-Up Study

Background: A well-balanced nutritional diet pattern has a significant role in the management of diet-related disorders. Currently, there are no specific dietary guidelines to refer to when advising non-diabetic patients with symptoms attributed to hypoglycemia in the postprandial period or patients with confirmed reactive hypoglycemia (RH). The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the dietary interventions, and their sustained outcome, on the severity of hypoglycemic-like symptoms occurring in non-diabetic patients. Methods: The study group included forty non-diabetic individuals with symptoms consistent with RH. At the baseline, each patient underwent RH diagnosis and complex dietary evaluation. Over a period of six months, each patient had four appointments with a dietitian. Two sessions were focused on a dietary education about low glycemic index diet (LGID) and Mediterranean diet (MD). The said diets were to be followed for a period of three months, with two additional dietary check-ups. Once dietary supervision was completed, patients had no imposed dietary patterns. The final follow-up appointment took place twelve months later and that is when each patient underwent a detailed assessment of their current dietary habits and evaluation of the frequency of symptoms consistent with hypoglycemia. Results: There was a statistically significant reduction in the severity in eight out of the ten analyzed hypoglycemic-like symptoms after the dietary interventions. The most significant change was observed in the following symptoms: hunger (η² = 0.66), impaired concentration (η² = 0.61), hand tremor (η² = 0.55), and fatigue (η² = 0.51). The outcomes were comparable for both recommended diets, the LGID and the MD. The reduction in hypoglycemic-like symptoms continued after the twelve-month period. The individualized dietary counselling significantly improved the patients’ eating habits in comparison to those present prior to intervention in terms of healthy diet index (F_(2,78) = 27.30, p < 0.001, η² = 0.41, 90%CI [0.26; 0.51]) and unhealthy diet index (F_(2,78) = 433.39, p < 0.001, η² = 0.91, 90%CI [0.89; 0.93]). Conclusions: Healthy modifications in dietary habits may improve patient’s well-being and reduce the severity of their postprandial symptoms attributed to hypoglycemia. Therefore, dietary intervention focused on appropriate nutritional management combined with follow-up consultations may be a beneficial step towards comprehensive treatment of non-diabetic patients who present with hypoglycemic-like symptoms in the postprandial period.     

PCaGuard: A Software Platform to Support Optimal Management of Prostate Cancer

Background and Objective  Prostate cancer (PCa) is a severe public health issue and the most common cancer worldwide in men. Early diagnosis can lead to early treatment and long-term survival. The addition of the multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in combination with ultrasound (mpMRI-U/S fusion) biopsy to the existing diagnostic tools improved prostate cancer detection. Use of both tools gradually increases in every day urological practice. Furthermore, advances in the area of information technology and artificial intelligence have led to the development of software platforms able to support clinical diagnosis and decision-making using patient data from personalized medicine. Methods  We investigated the current aspects of implementation, architecture, and design of a health care information system able to handle and store a large number of clinical examination data along with medical images, and produce a risk calculator in a seamless and secure manner complying with data security/accuracy and personal data protection directives and standards simultaneously. Furthermore, we took into account interoperability support and connectivity to legacy and other information management systems. The platform was implemented using open source, modern frameworks, and development tools. Results  The application showed that software platforms supporting patient follow-up monitoring can be effective, productive, and of extreme value, while at the same time, aiding toward the betterment medicine clinical workflows. Furthermore, it removes access barriers and restrictions to specialized care, especially for rural areas, providing the exchange of medical images and patient data, among hospitals and physicians. Conclusion  This platform handles data to estimate the risk of prostate cancer detection using current state-of-the-art in eHealth systems and services while fusing emerging multidisciplinary and intersectoral approaches. This work offers the research community an open architecture framework that encourages the broader adoption of more robust and comprehensive systems in standard clinical practice.     

Aquaporin-4 distribution in control and stressed astrocytes in culture and in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with traumatic brain injuries

Distribution of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) was studied by western analysis and immunofluorescence in rat astrocytes exposed to either hypothermic (30 °C) or hyperosmolar (0.45 M sucrose) stress, and in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients who suffered traumatic brain injury (TBI). CSF was obtained from 5 healthy subjects and from 20 patients suffering from severe TBI. CSF samples were taken at admission and on days 3 and 5–7. Here we report that, in response to both hypothermia and hyperosmolar stress, AQP4 was markedly reduced in cultured astrocytes. We also found that AQP4 significantly increased in patients with severe brain injury in respect to healthy subjects (P < 0.002). AQP4 in CSF remained unchanged in patients with elevated intracranial pressure (ICP), whereas there was a clear tendency to further increase in those patients whose ICP could be controlled within the normal range. We conclude that AQP4 levels in CSF are elevated after TBI and it might serve as a useful biochemical marker to assess brain water metabolism in clinical settings.