Dopamine release in human ventral striatum and expectation of reward

Using the ability of [11C]raclopride to compete with dopamine for D(2)/D(3) receptors, we investigated by positron emission tomography the effect of placebo (saline) injection on dopamine release in the ventral striatum of patients with Parkinson's disease. We found evidence for placebo-induced dopamine release of similar magnitude to that reported in healthy volunteers after amphetamine administration. However, in contrast to the dorsal striatum, there were no differences in [11C]raclopride binding potential changes between patients who experienced the reward (those who reported placebo-induced clinical benefit) and those who did not. We conclude that the release of dopamine in the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) is related to the expectation of reward and not to the reward itself. These observations have potential implications for the treatment of drug addiction.     

Dose and volume as predictive factors of pulmonary toxicity

Dose and volume and their correlation with the development of pulmonary toxicity are among the most widely studied and validated factors in radiotherapy. Most common treatment planning systems allow prompt assessment of Vdose and Mean Lung Dose (MLD). The former represents the percentage of normal lung parenchyma receiving a dose equal to or higher than the established threshold dose; the latter corresponds to the mean dose delivered to the normal lung parenchyma. Most important studies reported on the subject and threhold values recommended for Vdose and MLD are analyzed. The monitoring system of late toxicity used by the authors is presented.     

A census-based socio-economic status (SES) index as a tool to examine the relationship between mental health services use and deprivation

This paper discusses the development and application of a socio-economic status (SES) index, created to explore the relationship between socio-economic variables and psychiatric service use. The study was conducted in a community-based mental health service (CMHS) in Verona, Northern Italy, utilising service use data from 1996. An ecological SES index was constructed through a factor analysis from 1991 Census data, at census block level. Three factors reflected the following domains: the educational-employment sector (with four components), the relational network (with three components) and the material conditions (with three components). All service users were assigned a SES value, according to their place of residence in 1996. When these data were explored spatially, using ArcView 8.3, an association was observed between socio-economic deprivation and psychiatric service use. The SES index was then successfully validated using occupational status at the individual level. This study confirms the usefulness of developing and validating an ecological census-based SES index, for service planning and resource allocation in an area with a community-based system of mental health care.     

Cellular and molecular gateways to urolithiasis: a new insight

Urolithiasis is a relevant clinical problem in everyday practice with a subsequent burden for the health system. Urolithiasis is classically explained as the derangement in the process of biomineralization involving the equilibrium between promoters and inhibitors of crystallization: a deficit of one or several inhibitors or an excess of one or several promoters plays a pivotal role in the stone formation. The revolutionary introduction of the molecular biology in medicine has given a new insight in urolithiasis too. Genetic factors have also been postulated to play an important role. A review of the current knowledge on urolithiasis based upon a molecular and genetic approach is reported.     

In vitro biocompatibility tests of two commercial types of mineral trioxide aggregate

Recently, regular and white mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) are being used in Dentistry as retrofilling materials. Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity tests form an important part of cancer research and risk assessment of potential carcinogens. Thus, the goal of this study was to examine the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of regular and white MTA in vitro by the single cell gel (comet) assay and trypan blue exclusion test, respectively. Mouse lymphoma cells were exposed to two presentation forms of MTA at final concentrations ranging from 1 to 1,000 microg/mL for 3 h at 37 degrees C. The results showed that both compounds tested did not produce genotoxic effects at all concentrations evaluated. Likewise, no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in cytotoxicity. Taken together, our results suggest that regular and white MTA are not genotoxins and are not able to interfere in cellular viability as assessed by single cell gel (comet) assay and trypan blue assay, respectively.     

A pilot study of low-dose subcutaneous alemtuzumab therapy for patients with hemotherapy-refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Subcutaneous low-dose alemtuzumab (10 mg t.i.w. for 18 weeks) induced a 50% response rate, including 25% complete response, in 16 patients with refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. The responses were substantial even in patients with unfavorable cytogenetics, fludarabine/rituximab refractoriness, Rai stage IV, previous infections, and age over 65 years. Subcutaneous low-dose alemtuzumab is effective in poor prognosis B-CLL, and has a particularly favourable toxicity profile.     

Subthalamic stimulation activates internal pallidus: evidence from cGMP microdialysis in PD patients

Parkinson's disease patients benefit from deep brain stimulation (DBS) in subthalamic nucleus (STN), but the basis for this effect is still disputed. In this intraoperative microdialysis study, we found elevated cGMP extracellular concentrations in the internal segment of the globus pallidus, despite negligible changes in glutamate levels, during a clinically effective STN-DBS. This supports the view that a clinically beneficial effect of STN-DBS is paralleled by an augmentation (and not an inactivation) of the STN output onto the GPi.     

Plasma concentrations of anxiolytic neuroactive steroids in men with panic disorder

Plasma concentrations of neuroactive steroids in men with panic disorder (PD) were measured to evaluate their relations to psychopathology both before and during treatment. Participants comprised 13 men with PD and 10 normal controls. Patients were evaluated while drug-free as well as after 1 and 2 months of paroxetine therapy. Psychopathology was assessed by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Panic-Associated Symptom Scale, and the Fear Questionnaire total score. Plasma concentrations of steroids were measured by radioimmunoassay. The plasma concentrations of progesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone were greater in drug-free patients than in controls, whereas those of allopregnanolone and tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone did not differ between the two groups. Paroxetine treatment for 2 months significantly increased the plasma concentration of allopregnanolone but did not affect those of the other steroids. At 2 months of therapy, allopregnanolone concentrations in patients were significantly greater than those in controls. The plasma concentrations of progesterone and tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone correlated with the STAI state score in patients before treatment. Our data suggest that neuroactive steroids may play a role in PD in men.