Acute type a aortic dissection complicated with acute inferior myocardial infarction following aortic valve replacement

Acute aortic dissection complicated with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the most fatal situation. We experienced the successful treatment for acute type A aortic dissection complicated with inferior AMI following aortic valve replacement (AVR). A 60-year-old man had had AVR for aortic regurgitation. Sixteen months after the AVR, he had a sudden onset of severe chest pain with complete atrioventricular block. Immediately, temporary pacing and cardiac catheterization were conducted, showing the occlusion of the right coronary artery due to acute type A aortic dissection. On his way to our hospital, direct current shock was conducted 3 times for ventricular fibrillation. We replaced the ascending aorta combined with coronary artery bypass grafting and the postoperative course was uneventful. The key to treat acute aortic dissection complicated with AMI is early accurate diagnosis, prompt temporary pacing for bradycardia, defibrillation for lethal arrhythmia and insertion of a perfusion catheter if possible. These preoperative hemodynamic stabilization gives us the chance to save these patients.     

Anti-Candida albicans activity of essential oils including Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) oil and its component, citral]

The effects of 12 essential oils, popularly used as antifungal treatments in aromatherapy, on growth of Candida albicans were investigated. Mycelial growth of C. albicans, which is known to give the fungus the capacity to invade mucosal tissues, was inhibited in the medium containing 100 micro g/ml of the oils: lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) and cedarwood (Cedrus atlantica). Not only lemongrass oil but also citral, a major component of lemongrass oil (80%), in the range of 25 and 200 micro g/ml inhibited the mycelial growth but allowed yeast-form growth. More than 200 micro g/ml of citral clearly inhibited both mycelial and yeast-form growth of C. albicans. These results provide experimental evidence suggesting the potential value of lemongrass oil for the treatment of oral or vaginal candidiasis.     

Effects of N-(2-ethylhexyl)-3-hydroxybutyramide hydrogen succinate on the metabolisms of monoamines in the rat brain

N-(2-Ethylhexyl)-3-hydroxybutyramide hydrogen succinate (M-2H) has been reported to increase REM sleep. The effects of M-2H on the metabolisms of monoamines which have been implicated in the regulation of the sleep-wakefulness cycle were studied in rats. M-2H (500 mg/kg p.o.) increased the levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), homovanillic acid and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol sulfate in various regions of the rat brain. However, no appreciable changes occurred in levels of serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine, dopamine, or 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. The effect of M-2H (500 mg/kg p.o.) on 5-HT metabolism was investigated with intraventricularly-injected [14C]-5-HT. Although [14C]-5-HT level was not significantly changed, [14C]-5-HIAA level was above control level in four brain regions such as the hypothalamus, hippocampus, midbrain and pons-medulla at 3 h after the administration of M-2H. M-2H retarded the efflux of intraventricularly-injected [14C]-5-HIAA in all brain regions except the cortex. These results suggest that M-2H preferentially impaired the transport system for acid metabolites of monoamines, resulting in increase of monoamine metabolite levels in the brain.     

In vivo activity and metabolic fate of 2-(2,3,3-triiodoallyl)tetrazole (ME1401), a novel antifungal agent

2-(2,3,3-Triiodoallyl)tetrazole (ME1401), a novel antifungal agent, showed therapeutic effectiveness in topical treatment of experimental dermal infections with Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Candida albicans in guinea-pigs. Addition of diethyl sebacate to the ME1401 preparations increased its in vivo antifungal activity and its penetration into the skin. When the estimation of efficacy of treatment with active formulations was made on the basis of skin lesion and the rate of negative skin cultures in comparison with those for infected, untreated or placebo-treated controls, the in vivo activity of 0.5% ethanol tincture or gel of ME1401 was comparable to that of reference antimycotic drugs such as clotrimazole, haloprogin and others. Pharmacokinetic studies in the experimental animals demonstrated that ME1401 was unstable in vivo, being readily converted to an active metabolite 2-(3-iodopropargyl)tetrazole (CN144) first and then to 2-propargyltetrazole (CN151). CN144 showed potent in vitro and in vivo antifungal activities, while the in vitro activity of CN151 was negligible.     

A case of metastatic optic nerve head and retinal carcinoma with vitreous seeds

Metastasis directly to the optic nerve head without choroidal involvement is rare. We report a case of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the optic nerve head and retina with vitreous seeds which was observed in a 45-year-old Japanese male. The primary site of the lesion was clinically the upper lobe of the left lung. Tumor emboli were observed in the central retinal vein. Vitreous seeds appeared to have arisen from a necrotic area and papillary projections of the tumor.     

Anterior and posterior association cortex contributions to the somatosensory P300

A P300 (P3)-evoked response is generated in a variety of mammalian species upon detection of significant environmental events. The P3 component has been proposed to index a neural system involved in attention and memory capacity. We investigated the contribution of anterior and posterior association cortex to somatosensory P3 generation. Somatosensory event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded in controls (n = 10) and patients with unilateral lesions in temporal-parietal junction (n = 8), lateral parietal cortex (n = 8), or dorsolateral frontal cortex (n = 10). Subjects pressed a button to mechanical taps of the fifth finger (targets; p = 0.12), randomly interposed in sequences of taps to the second (standards; p = 0.76) and the third or fourth finger (tactile novels; p = 0.06). Occasional shock stimuli were delivered to the wrist (shock novels; p = 0.06). The scalp-recorded P3 was differentially affected by anterior and posterior association cortex lesions. Subjects with temporal-parietal lesions showed markedly reduced P3s to all types of stimuli at all scalp locations. The reductions were largest at the parietal electrode site over the lesioned hemisphere. Parietal patients had normal P3s for all stimulus types except for contralateral shock novels, which generated reduced P3s. Frontal lesions had reductions of the novelty P3 over frontal sites with minimal changes in the target P3. The data support the existence of multiple intracranial P3 sources. The data further indicate that association cortex in the temporal-parietal junction is critical for generating the scalp-recorded target and novelty P3s, whereas dorsolateral frontal cortex contributes preferentially to novelty P3 generation. The N2 component was reduced by parietal and frontal lesions in patients who had intact target P3s, suggesting that different neural systems underlie N2 and P3 generation.     

Neutrophil elastase inhibitor reduces hepatic metastases induced by ischaemia-reperfusion in rats.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possibility in rats that ONO-5046 Na, a new recombinant inhibitor of neutrophil elastase, can reduce hepatic metastases induced by ischaemia-reperfusion. DESIGN: Laboratory experimental study. SETTING: Research laboratory, Japan. SUBJECTS: Male Fischer rats. INTERVENTIONS: Rats underwent 60 min of 70% partial hepatic ischaemia, after which rat colon adenocarcinoma cells (RCN-H4) were injected into the spleen. The animals were divided into two test groups and a control group. One group was given ONO-5046 Na intravenously at 10 mg/kg/hour. A second group was given a saline solution for the same period, while the controls were not made ischaemic. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Three weeks after inoculation, the number of tumour nodules on the liver surface was counted. The anti-cancer effect of ONO-5046 Na was measured by monotetrazolium assay. RESULTS: Hepatic ischaemia-reperfusion increased the number of liver metastases of RCN-H4 in both clamped and unclamped hepatic lobes. ONO-5046 Na significantly inhibited this in unclamped lobes, but had no anti-cancer effect. CONCLUSION: Neutrophil elastase may have an important role in increasing haematogenous liver metastases by ischaemia-reperfusion, particularly in unclamped lobes.     

Alternative Expression of a Chitosanase Gene Produces Two Different Proteins in Cells Infected withChlorellaVirus CVK2

SeveralChlorellavirus CVK2 proteins had chitosanase and/or chitinase activities. A gene coding for an ORF of 328 amino acids (aa) with a predicted molecular mass of 36,769 Da was cloned from the viral genome. The predicted amino acid sequence of an N′-portion (174 aa) of this gene product (vChta-1) showed 22 to 25% identity with various bacterial chitosanases. A glutathioneS-transferase (GST)–vChta-1 fusion protein had strong chitosanase activity. Western blot analysis with antisera raised against the vChta-1 protein identified two proteins of 37 and 65 kDa in virus-infectedChlorellacells beginning at 240 min postinfection and continuing until cell lysis. The larger protein was packaged in the virion, while the smaller one remained in the cell lysate. Both chitosanase proteins were produced from the single gene,vChta-1,by a mechanism of alternative gene expression.     

Morphometrical analysis of nuclear abnormality of tubular tumors of the stomach with image processing.

Nuclear size and shape on histological specimens were used to quantify nuclear abnormality in gastric tubular tumors. A valid technique for this morphometrical analysis by image processing was developed. Furthermore, the present study examined the nuclear size and shape to determine if they were reliable criteria to be used for differential diagnosis. Nuclear area, maximum diameter and maximum width on the histological specimens were defined as factors to represent nuclear size. Nuclear aspect ratio represented nuclear shape. Histological features revealed varied degrees of condensation of nuclei; this was due to different protocols for preparing the histological specimens. This finding indicated that the size of intermediate lymphocytes on the same specimens should be measured as a control in order to estimate the degree of nuclear condensation. The present study also demonstrated that at least 200 nuclei should be measured on the histological specimens to obtain accurate nuclear size and shape. Histologically, the nuclei in benign tubular adenoma and borderline lesions tended to be spindle-shaped, while those in well-differentiated type tubular adenocarcinoma tended to be round and swollen. The nuclei in borderline lesions were larger than those in benign tubular adenoma and smaller than those in well-differentiated type tubular adenocarcinoma. Our results for the above 4 factors corresponded well with these histological findings. The nuclear size and shape on histological specimens were concluded to be reliable criteria for assessing nuclear abnormality in gastric tubular tumors and useful ones for differential diagnosis.