Antifungal Activity of Gallic Acid In Vitro and In Vivo

Gallic acid (GA) is a polyphenol natural compound found in many medicinal plant species, including pomegranate rind (Punica granatum L.), and has been shown to have antiinflammatory and antibacterial properties. Pomegranate rind is used to treat bacterial and fungal pathogens in Uyghur and other systems of traditional medicine, but, surprisingly, the effects of GA on antifungal activity have not yet been reported. In this study, we aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of GA on fungal strains both in vitro and in vivo. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the NCCLS (M38‐A and M27‐A2) standard method in vitro, and GA was found to have a broad spectrum of antifungal activity, with MICs for all the tested dermatophyte strains between 43.75 and 83.33 μg/mL. Gallic acid was also active against three Candida strains, with MICs between 12.5 and 100.0 μg/mL. The most sensitive Candida species was Candida albicans (MIC = 12.5 μg/mL), and the most sensitive filamentous species was Trichophyton rubrum (MIC = 43.75 μg/mL), which was comparable in potency to the control, fluconazole. The mechanism of action was investigated for inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis using an HPLC‐based assay and an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Gallic acid reduced the activity of sterol 14α‐demethylase P450 (CYP51) and squalene epoxidase in the T. rubrum membrane, respectively. In vivo model demonstrated that intraperitoneal injection administration of GA (80 mg/kg d) significantly enhanced the cure rate in a mice infection model of systemic fungal infection. Overall, our results confirm the antifungal effects of GA and suggest a mechanism of action, suggesting that GA has the potential to be developed further as a natural antifungal agent for clinical use. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Casticin prevents DSS induced ulcerative colitis in mice through inhibitions of NF‐κB pathway and ROS signaling

Casticin, a compound purified from the Chinese herb Viticis Fructus, has been proven effective in preventing tumor progression in previous studies. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a common inflammatory bowel disease that affects millions of people worldwide, but no effective and safe drugs are available. In this study, we aimed to study how did casticin affect UC by evaluating its effects on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐induced colitis in mice. Our data suggested that casticin attenuated body weight loss, colon length shortening, and pathological damage in the colon of DSS‐treated mice. Casticin decreased reactive oxygen species level and chemocytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α) productions in colon tissue. The decreased reactive oxygen species level and suppressed proinflammatory cytokines productions were also confirmed in casticin‐treated LPS‐stimulated RAW264.7 cells and hydrogen peroxide‐treated CACO‐2 cells in vitro. Mechanistically, casticin treatment prevented the profound activation of AKT signaling caused by DSS administration. And casticin inhibited the productions of proinflammatory chemocytokines through downregulating AKT/NF‐κB pathway in macrophages. Meanwhile, data revealed that casticin increased expressions of endogenous antioxidants peroxiredoxin 3 and MnSOD were through activation in FOXO3α signaling by downregulating AKT signaling in colon epithelium cells. Our findings demonstrated that casticin alleviated DSS‐induced UC by increasing the antioxidant enzyme peroxiredoxin 3 and MnSOD expressions, and decreasing the production of proinflammatory chemocytokines through inhibition of AKT signaling.     

益气活血冲剂对创伤骨折致肾脏损伤的保护作用

目的：探讨益气活血冲剂对创伤骨折所致肾损伤的保护作用。方法：将大鼠或小鼠分为空白组、对照组和实验组。分别于术后不同时期处死动物,测定三组的肾指数、肾中柠檬酸、DNA、RNA含量及^3H-TdR ^3H-UR参入率。结果：创伤骨折引起大鼠肾指数明显下降,^3H-TdR 参入受抑制,DNA含量降低,^3H-UR参入率和RNA含量升高;应用益气活血冲剂可以改善这些变化、促进DNA和RNA的合成。结论：创伤骨折后应用益气活血冲剂可以改善创伤引起的肾脏的变化。     

中医药治疗2型糖尿病的研究进展

综述了近年来中医药治疗2型糖尿病的进展。通过病因病机分析,强化了辨证论治,分型治疗和辨病论治,随证加减两大治疗原则;证实了中医药在防止或消除2型糖尿病的危险因素（肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、血脂代谢紊乱）、改善症状、防治慢性并发症方面具有明显的优势。     

哈蟆油对自然衰老雌性大鼠抗衰老能力的影响

目的:研究哈蟆油对自然衰老雌性大鼠抗衰老能力的影响。方法:SD雌性大鼠随机分组,老年对照组和青年对照组灌胃空白植物油,各给药组大鼠给予18g/kg、9 g/kg哈蟆油,连续给药6周,6周末各组大鼠腹主动脉采血分离血清,并取脑组织冰浴匀浆,检测血清、组织匀浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性和丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H2O2)的含量,以评价哈蟆油对自然衰老雌性大鼠抗氧化能力影响。结果:与老年对照组相比,哈蟆油高、低剂量组血清、脑匀浆SOD、GSH-Px活力显著升高,MDA、H2O2含量显著降低。结论:哈蟆油对自然衰老雌性大鼠具有提高抗氧化能力的作用。     

柴胡功效的历史演变与入药品种及药用部位的相互关系

目的:探析柴胡功效演变与入药品种及入药部位间的关系。方法:通过梳理历代文献,总结柴胡功效的演变,并分析其与柴胡入药品种及入药部位间的关系。结果:《神农本草经》时期应用的柴胡品种已不可考。唐代以后,狭叶柴胡、银州柴胡被认为是柴胡上品,而银柴胡在很长一段时期内亦被当做上品柴胡应用,这有可能成为柴胡出现"补虚劳"功效描述的原因。古来柴胡皆以根入药,清末以来,在长江一线逐流行以全草或地上部分入药。同时期兴起的"柴胡劫肝阴"之说或许与入药部位的改变而造成的有效成分改变有关,但仍需进一步的实验研究。结论:历代对柴胡功效认识的不统一,有可能是不同时期内应用柴胡的品种及入药部位不同造成的。     

近红外光谱法快速测定山银花中四种有机酸

目的：建立近红外光谱（Near-Infrared Spectroscopy,NIR）快速检测山银花提取过程中四种有机酸含量的方法。方法：采集山银花NIR图谱,以高效液相色谱法为参考方法测定绿原酸、异绿原酸A、异绿原酸B和异绿原酸C的含量。采用偏最小二乘法（Partial Least square,PLS）建立定量校正模型。结果：校正模型中绿原酸、异绿原酸A、异绿原酸B和异绿原酸C的相关系数R分别为0.997 6、0.997 0、0.979 2、0.998 9,内部交叉验证均方根误差（RMSECV）分别为0.039 4、0.014 4、0.007 3、0.007 8;预测结果中上述成分对应的相关系数分别为0.892 0、0.827 9、0.878 4、0.995 1,预测均方根误差（RMSEP）分别为0.045 0、0.013 5、0.007 8、0.008 0,相对预测 偏差（RSEP）分别为0.351 0%、0.018 0%、0.040 0%、0.005 7%。结论：所建近红外检测方法快速、准确,可用于山 银花四种有机酸的快速检测。     

丁香降气汤治疗胃食管反流病60例临床观察

目的：评价丁香降气汤治疗胃食管反流病的临床疗效。方法：将90例胃食管反流病患者分为中药组（60例）、西药组（30例），分别给予丁香降气汤和奥关拉唑治疗8周，观察2组的临床疗效和胃镜疗效。结果：中药组临床总有效率为95．00％；西药组临床总有效率为83．33％。中药组的临床总有效率优于西药组（P〈0．01）。中药组胃镜复查总有效率84．21％；西药组总有效率81．48％。2组胃镜复查总有效率无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论：丁香降气汤治疗胃食管反流病具有良好的临床疗效和胃镜疗效。     

地方医学院校通识课程设置满意度调查分析

目的了解学生对通识课程设置的满意度现况,分析地方医学院校综合性通识课程设置中存在的问题,为通识课程设置改革提供依据和参考。方法采用分层随机抽样的方法,利用自行设计调查问卷对某地方医学院校不同专业的575名学生进行问卷调查。问卷内容涉及对象基本情况、对现有通识课程的认知与满意程度、对通识课程的需求、现阶段通识课程设置存在的问题以及意见和建议四大方面,共设计题目54道。调查数据使用SPSS19．0软件进行分析,结果采用相对数（率和百分比）表示,通过秩和检验分析不同专业、不同年级学生满意度之间的差异．P〈0．05为差异具有统计学意义。结果调查显示医学生对现阶段通识课程设置的总体满意度不高,仅有219人（38％）对现有通识课程设置比较满意;认为没有感觉、开不开设无所谓的学生有256人（45％）;认为不满意的学生有100人（17％）。此外,不同年级的学生对通识课程开设的满意度差别无统计学意义（P=0．798）,但不同专业的学生其满意度差异具有统计学意义（P=0．007）。结论医学院校通识课程的设置不能盲目追求广而全,应从打造核心课程体系、灵活授课方式、改革教学方法三方面入手,全面提升通识课程授课效果。     

甘肃地区乳腺癌患者的CYP2D6基因多态性及代谢表型特征分析

目的:分析乳腺癌患者的CYP2D6基因多态性和代谢表型,为乳腺癌患者进行他莫西芬（TAM）个体化临床治疗提供参考依据。方法:选取2018年1月至2019年1月于我院乳腺科确诊的170例乳腺癌患者外周血,通过Sanger测序技术对CYP2D6基因的9个外显子进行全面具体分析。结果:本研究主要发现有5个CYP2D6等位基因变异位点:CYP2D6*10、CYP2D6*4、CYP2D6*7、CYP2D6*41和CYP2D6*5,其对应的发生频率分别为66.5%、5.9%、2.4%、0.6%和0.6%;其中,CYP2D6*10/*10基因型在乳腺癌患者中占据主导地位,发生频率为60.6%。结论:中国甘肃地区乳腺癌患者,多以CYP2D6*10等位基因、CYP2D6*10/*10基因型、TAM中间代谢型为主,这可为乳腺癌患者选择相应的个体化药物治疗方案以及本地区乳腺癌患者今后大规模的药物遗传基因组学研究提供参考数据。