全文获取类型
收费全文 | 12051篇 |
免费 | 689篇 |
国内免费 | 33篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 254篇 |
儿科学 | 367篇 |
妇产科学 | 161篇 |
基础医学 | 1914篇 |
口腔科学 | 360篇 |
临床医学 | 1181篇 |
内科学 | 2204篇 |
皮肤病学 | 255篇 |
神经病学 | 937篇 |
特种医学 | 564篇 |
外科学 | 1735篇 |
综合类 | 91篇 |
一般理论 | 9篇 |
预防医学 | 693篇 |
眼科学 | 449篇 |
药学 | 820篇 |
中国医学 | 24篇 |
肿瘤学 | 755篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 59篇 |
2021年 | 140篇 |
2020年 | 100篇 |
2019年 | 146篇 |
2018年 | 192篇 |
2017年 | 180篇 |
2016年 | 197篇 |
2015年 | 221篇 |
2014年 | 278篇 |
2013年 | 394篇 |
2012年 | 500篇 |
2011年 | 584篇 |
2010年 | 339篇 |
2009年 | 308篇 |
2008年 | 546篇 |
2007年 | 578篇 |
2006年 | 601篇 |
2005年 | 586篇 |
2004年 | 570篇 |
2003年 | 551篇 |
2002年 | 468篇 |
2001年 | 449篇 |
2000年 | 405篇 |
1999年 | 362篇 |
1998年 | 185篇 |
1997年 | 126篇 |
1996年 | 136篇 |
1995年 | 96篇 |
1994年 | 95篇 |
1993年 | 75篇 |
1992年 | 180篇 |
1991年 | 177篇 |
1990年 | 185篇 |
1989年 | 173篇 |
1988年 | 147篇 |
1987年 | 134篇 |
1986年 | 120篇 |
1985年 | 119篇 |
1984年 | 88篇 |
1983年 | 85篇 |
1982年 | 69篇 |
1980年 | 62篇 |
1979年 | 87篇 |
1978年 | 73篇 |
1977年 | 82篇 |
1975年 | 63篇 |
1974年 | 66篇 |
1973年 | 59篇 |
1972年 | 84篇 |
1938年 | 60篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 125 毫秒
101.
Circulating leucocyte subpopulations in sedentary subjects following graded maximal exercise with hypoxia 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Holger Gabriel Thomas Kullmer Lothar Schwarz Axel Urhausen Benno Weiler Petra Born Wilfried Kindermann 《European journal of applied physiology》1993,67(4):348-353
Summary Ten healthy sedentary subjects [age, 27.5 (SD 3.5) years; height, 180 (SD 5) cm; mass, 69.3 (SD 6.3) kg] performed two periods of maximal incremental graded cycle ergometer exercise in a supine position. Randomly ordered and using an open spirometric system, one exercise was carried out during normoxia [maximal oxygen consumption (
O2max)=38.6 (SD 3.5) ml·min–1·kg–1; maximal blood lactate concentration, 9.86 (SD 1.85) mmol·l–1; test duration, 22.6 (SD 2.7) min], the other during hypoxia [
O2max=33.2 (SD 3.2) ml·min–1· kg–1; maximal blood lactate concentration, 10.38 (SD 2.02) mmol·l–1; test duration, 19.7 (SD 2.8) min]. At rest, immediately (0 p) and 60 min (60 p) after exercise, counts of leucocyte subpopulations (flow cytometry), cortisol and catecholamine concentrations were determined. At 0 p in contrast to normoxia, during hypoxia there was no significant increase of granulocytes. There were no significant differences between normoxia and hypoxia in the increases from rest to 0 p in counts of monocytes, total lymphocytes and lymphocyte subpopulations [clusters of differentiation (CD), CD3+, CD4+CD45RO–, CD4+CD45RO+, CD8+CD45RO–, CD8+CD45RO+, CD3+HLA-DR+, CD3–CD16/CD56+, CD3+CD16/CD56+, CD 19+] as well as adrenaline, noradrenaline and cortisol concentrations. The counts of CD3 –CD16/CD56+-and CD8 +CD45RO+-cells increased most. At 60 p, CD3–CD16/CD56+ and CD3+CD16/CD56+-cell counts were below pre-exercise levels and under hypoxia slightly but significantly lower than under normoxia. We concluded that the exercise-induced mobilization and redistribution of most leucocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations were unimpaired under acute hypoxia at sea level. Reduced increases of granulocyte counts during the study and reduced cell numbers of natural killer cells and cytotoxic, not major histocompatibility complex-restricted T-cells, only indicated marginal effects on the immune system. 相似文献
102.
Lothar Dulog Andreas Gittinger Siegmar Roth Thomas Wagner 《Macromolecular chemistry and physics.》1993,194(2):493-500
In this article we describe the preparation of poly[2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis(dodecyloxycarbonyl)phthalocyaninatogermoxane] by thermal polycondensation of 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis(dodecyloxycarbonyl)phthalocyaninatogermanium dihydroxide, and its characterization. The average molar mass of the resulting polymer was determined. High molar masses are assessible, e.g., M?w = 360000 g/mol, M?n = 140000 g/mol, at moderate temperature for the polycondensation (200°C). The polymer shows a liquid-crystalline phase in an extremely large temperature range. Furthermore, Langmuir-Blodgett films (LB films) of the polymer and of the monomer were prepared and characterized. In LB films the phthalocyanine rings are preferentially oriented normal to the dipping direction. 相似文献
103.
Spontaneous suppressor cell activity in the peripheral blood of patients with malignant and chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
K Doldi B Manger B Koch J Riemann P Hermanek J R Kalden 《Clinical and experimental immunology》1984,55(3):655-663
Fifteen patients with colorectal tumours, 15 patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and two groups of normal controls were investigated for the presence of spontaneous suppressor cell activity (SSCA) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). In comparison to the age and sex matched controls patients with colorectal carcinoma exhibited a significant increase in SSCA (P less than 0.01). No evidence could be obtained that the suppressive effect was due to a soluble factor such as prostaglandins. In contrast, patients suffering from CD presented a decreased SSCA. No correlation was obtained between the enhanced SSCA in tumour patients and the clinical stage of the disease, levels of oncofetal antigens or serum immune complexes. Likewise in patients with CD no correlation was found between decreased SSCA and CD index or different serum parameters. When PBMC of the different test groups were incubated with histamine or cimetidine before they were added to the indicator system the suppressive activity remained unchanged. Also pre-incubation of normal PBMC with alpha-fetoprotein or carcinoembryonic antigen did not change the spontaneous suppressor cell activity. Whether the significantly enhanced in vivo activity of spontaneous suppressor cells in patients with colorectal carcinoma is one of the multifactorial mechanisms leading to the establishment of cancer or whether it rather represents a reflection of the immune system on colorectal tumour antigens remains unsolved. 相似文献
104.
Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Übersicht gegeben über klinische Untersuchungen, die mit einem hochsensiblen in-vitro Erythropoietin Assay (foetale Mäuseleberzellkultur) zur Klärung der umstrittenen Rolle des Erythropoietinmangels in der Pathogenese der renalen Anämie an großen Patientenpopulationen durchgeführt wurden. Die Studien betrafen: a.) chronisch Nierenkranke mit variierender Funktionsein-schränkung in der Vordialysephase b.) nicht nephrektomierte und anephrische chronische Dialysepatienten.Die bisher vorliegenden Ergebnisse belegen, daß die Anfangsphase der renalen Anämie mit einem kompensatorischen Anstieg der Serumerythropoietinkonzentration einhergeht und somit ein Erythropoietinmangel nicht die primäre Ursache dieser Anämie sein kann; lediglich ein relativer Erythropoietinmangel ist anzunehmen. Erst in der Terminalphase der Niereninsuffizienz wird der Erythropoietinmangel absolut, so bei 50% der untersuchten chronischen, nichtnephrektomierten Hämodialysepatienten und bei allen anephrischen Patienten. An einzelnen Patienten läßt sich aber selbst in der terminalen Niereninsuffizienz eine Regulierbarkeit der Serumerythropoietinkonzentration über den Hämatokrit im Sinne eines negativen feedback nachweisen, der auf einem subnormalen Hämatokritniveau arbeitet. 相似文献
105.
Addition of 1 X 10(10) p.f.u. purified poliovirus to 100 mul of a rabbit reticulocyte lysate protein synthesizing system causes a complete inhibition of initiation of protein synthesis. This inhibition is not due to the viral RNA nor to any contaminants of the preparation, but is most likely caused by the viral coat protein. 相似文献
106.
Dopamine in the orbitofrontal cortex regulates operant responding under a progressive ratio of reinforcement in rats 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Prefrontocortical dopamine (DA) plays an essential role in the regulation of cognitive functions and behavior. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) receives a dopaminergic projection from the ventral tegmental area and is particularly important for goal-directed appetitive behaviors and for the neural representation of reward value. We here examined the effects of DA receptor blockers locally infused into the OFC, on instrumental behavior under a progressive schedule of reinforcement. After continuous reinforcement training (lever pressing for casein pellets) rats received bilateral intra-OFC-infusions of the DA D1-receptor antagonist SCH23390 (3 μg/0.5 μl), the DA D2-receptor antagonist sulpiride (3 μg/0.5 μl), or phosphate buffered saline through chronically indwelling cannulae. Immediately after infusion they were tested under a time-constrained progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement (3, 6, 9, 12, … lever presses for 1 casein pellet within 180 s). Both SCH23390 and sulpiride led to a significant reduction of the break point (cessation to respond to the increasing criterion of instrumental effort) compared to vehicle infusions. A food preference test revealed no drug effects on the amount of consumed pellets and on the preference of casein pellets over laboratory chow. Leftward shifts of the break point in progressive ratio tasks indicate a disturbance of the mechanisms that translate motivation into appetitive behavior under conditions of increasing instrumental effort. Therefore, our data indicate that orbitofrontal dopamine is necessary for reward-related instrumental behavior. 相似文献
107.
Ara h 8, a Bet v 1-homologous allergen from peanut, is a major allergen in patients with combined birch pollen and peanut allergy 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Mittag D Akkerdaas J Ballmer-Weber BK Vogel L Wensing M Becker WM Koppelman SJ Knulst AC Helbling A Hefle SL Van Ree R Vieths S 《The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology》2004,114(6):200-1417
BACKGROUND: We recently described patients with soybean allergy mainly mediated by cross-reactivity to birch pollen allergens. A majority of those patients were reported to have peanut allergy. OBJECTIVE: We sought to study the occurrence of peanut allergy in patients allergic to birch pollen and characterized the Bet v 1-homologous peanut allergen Ara h 8. METHODS: Recombinant Ara h 8 was cloned with degenerated primers and expressed in Escherichia coli. Nine Swiss and 11 Dutch patients with peanut and birch pollen allergy and a positive double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge result to peanut were investigated for IgE reactivity to birch pollen and purified peanut allergens and cross-reactivity between birch and peanut. Ara h 8 stability against digestion and roasting was assessed by means of RAST inhibition. The IgE cross-linking potency of Ara h 8 was tested on the basis of basophil histamine release. RESULTS: During double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge, all patients experienced symptoms in the oral cavity, progressing to more severe symptoms in 40% of patients. CAP-FEIA detected recombinant (r) Ara h 8-specific IgE in 85%. IgE binding to Ara h 8 was inhibited by Bet v 1 in peanut extract immunoblotting and in RAST inhibition. In EAST inhibition recombinant rAra h 8 inhibited IgE binding to peanut in 4 of 7 tested patient sera. Antipeanut response was dominated by Ara h 8 in 12 of 17 tested patients. Furthermore, our results demonstrate a low stability of Ara h 8 to roasting and no stability to gastric digestion. Basophil histamine release with rAra h 8 was more than 20% in 5 of 7 tested sera. CONCLUSIONS: Peanut allergy might be mediated in a subgroup of our patients by means of cross-reaction of Bet v 1 with the homologous peanut allergen Ara h 8. 相似文献
108.
Bradley J. Buck Ilan A. Kerman Paul R. Burghardt Lauren G. Koch Steven L. Britton Huda Akil Stanley J. Watson 《Neuroscience letters》2007
Metabolic syndrome is characterized by obesity, elevated blood pressure (BP), insulin resistance, and hypercholesterolemia. Recently an animal model of this disorder has been proposed in rats selectively bred based on their performance on a treadmill-running task. Accordingly, low capacity runner (LCR) rats exhibited all of the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome, including elevated BP, as compared to their high capacity runner (HCR) counterparts [U. Wisløff, S.M. Najjar, O. Ellingsen, P.M. Haram, S. Swoap, Q. Al-Share, M. Fernstrom, K. Rezaei, S.J. Lee, L.G. Koch, S.L. Britton, Cardiovascular risk factors emerge after artificial selection for low aerobic capacity, Science 307 (2005) 418–420]. Previous studies have highlighted the importance of GABAergic neurotransmission in the medullary cardiovascular-regulatory areas in the central control of BP. Thus, we hypothesized a dysregulation in GABAergic transmission in the medullary cardiovascular-regulatory nuclei of LCR rats. To begin testing this hypothesis we carried out experiments examining expression of the GABA synthetic enzymes, GAD65 and GAD67, mRNAs in the two rat strains via radioactive in situ hybridization. Our results showed GAD65 and GAD67 mRNAs were widely expressed throughout the brainstem; quantification revealed increased GAD65 mRNA expression in LCR animals in the caudal nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and rostral ventrolateral medulla (VLM) as compared to HCR rats. Conversely, no differences in the expression of GAD67 were detected in these regions. These data are consistent with the notion of altered GABAergic neurotransmission in the NTS and VLM in metabolic syndrome, and point to the importance of these regions in cardiovascular regulation. 相似文献
109.
Effekte einer Captopriltherapie auf die Natrium- und Wasserausscheidung bei Patienten mit Leberzirrhose und Aszites 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
R. Brunkhorst E. Wrenger K. Kühn F. W. Schmidt K. Koch 《Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany)》1989,67(15):774-783
Summary Ascites in patients with cirrhosis of the liver frequently is refractory to diuretic treatment. It was postulated that vasoconstriction of the renal cortex, mediated by activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS), may be one course of the disturbed sodium- and water-excretion in these patients. We therefore investigated in 14 cirrhotic patients with ascites under constant diuretic treatment the effects of low-dose captopril therapy on urinary sodium- and potassium-excretion, body weight, abdominal girth, serum-sodium,-potassium, creatinine-clearance, plasma-renin-activity (PRA), plasma-aldosterone (PA) and mean arterial pressure (MAP). After a control period of 4 days the patients received 2 × 6.25 mg/d captopril for 5 days and 4 × 6.25 mg/d for further 5 days. Treatment was followed by a second control period without captopril.PRA increased significantly after 2 days of captopril treatment. 2 × 6.25 mg/d captopril induced a significant increase in sodium excretion and a significant decrease of body weight. MAP decreased slightly but significantly without clinical signs of hypotension. 4 × 6.25 mg/d captopril resulted in a further reduction of body weight and a further enhancement of sodium excretion. Three days after withdrawal of captopril sodium output was significantly reduced again. Conclusion: In cirrhotic patients low-dose captopril seems to be efficient in the treatment of ascites resistant to diuretics without causing major side effects.
Abkürzungen ACE Angiotensin-Converting-Enzym - A-II Angiotensin II - CH 2 O Frei-Wasser-Clearance - CKrea Kreatinin-Clearance - COsmo Osmolale Clearance - g Gramm - h Stunde - kg Kilogramm - l/d Liter pro Tag - MAP Mittlerer arterieller Blutdruck - mg Milligramm - mg/d Milligramm pro Tag - ml/min Milliliter pro Minute - mmHg Millimeter Quecksilbersäule (Torr) - mmol/d Millimol pro Tag - NaCl Natriumchlorid - ng/ml/h Nanogramm pro Milliliter und Stunde - PA Plasma-Aldosteron - pg/ml Picogramm pro Milliliter - PRA Plasma-Renin-Aktivität - RAAS Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System - SEM Standardfehler des Mittelwertes - SKrea Kreatininkonzentration im Serum - SOsm Serum-Osmolalität - UKrea Kreatininkonzentration im Urin - UOsm Urin-Osmolalität - V Urinminutenvolumen - vgl. vergleiche - µmol/l Micromol pro Liter 相似文献
Abkürzungen ACE Angiotensin-Converting-Enzym - A-II Angiotensin II - CH 2 O Frei-Wasser-Clearance - CKrea Kreatinin-Clearance - COsmo Osmolale Clearance - g Gramm - h Stunde - kg Kilogramm - l/d Liter pro Tag - MAP Mittlerer arterieller Blutdruck - mg Milligramm - mg/d Milligramm pro Tag - ml/min Milliliter pro Minute - mmHg Millimeter Quecksilbersäule (Torr) - mmol/d Millimol pro Tag - NaCl Natriumchlorid - ng/ml/h Nanogramm pro Milliliter und Stunde - PA Plasma-Aldosteron - pg/ml Picogramm pro Milliliter - PRA Plasma-Renin-Aktivität - RAAS Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System - SEM Standardfehler des Mittelwertes - SKrea Kreatininkonzentration im Serum - SOsm Serum-Osmolalität - UKrea Kreatininkonzentration im Urin - UOsm Urin-Osmolalität - V Urinminutenvolumen - vgl. vergleiche - µmol/l Micromol pro Liter 相似文献
110.