Antidepressants Are Effective in Decreasing Neuropathic Pain After SCI: A Meta-Analysis

Objective:

To systematically review and assess the effectiveness and safety of antidepressants for neuropathic pain among individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI).

Methods:

A systematic search was conducted using multiple databases for relevant articles published from 1980 to April 2014. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving antidepressant treatment of neuropathic pain with ≥3 individuals and ≥50% of study population with SCI were included. Two independent reviewers selected studies based on inclusion criteria and then extracted data. Pooled analysis using Cohen’s d to calculate standardized mean difference, standard error, and 95% confidence interval for primary (pain) and other secondary outcomes was conducted.

Results:

Four RCTs met inclusion criteria. Of these, 2 studies assessed amitriptyline, 1 trazadone, and 1 duloxetine among individuals with neuropathic SCI pain. A small effect was seen in the effectiveness of antidepressants in decreasing pain among individuals with SCI (standardized mean difference = 0.34 ± 0.15; 95% CI, 0.05-0.62; P = .02). A number needed to treat of 3.4 for 30% or more pain relief was found by pooling 2 studies. Of these, significantly higher risk of experiencing constipation (risk ratio [RR] = 1.74; 95% CI, 1.09-2.78; P = .02) and dry mouth (RR = 1.39; 95% CI, 1.04-1.85; P = .02) was found amongst individuals receiving antidepressant treatment compared to those in the control group.

Conclusion:

The current meta-analysis demonstrates that antidepressants are effective in reducing neuropathic SCI pain. However, this should be interpreted with caution due to the limited number of studies. Further evaluation of long-term therapeutic options may be required.     

Ministry of Health Clinical Practice Guidelines: Anxiety Disorders

The Ministry of Health (MOH) has developed the clinical practice guidelines on Anxiety Disorders to provide doctors and patients in Singapore with evidence-based treatment for anxiety disorders. This article reproduces the introduction and executive summary (with recommendations from the guidelines) from the MOH clinical practice guidelines on anxiety disorders, for the information of SMJ readers. Chapters and page numbers mentioned in the reproduced extract refer to the full text of the guidelines, which are available from the Ministry of Health website: http://www.moh.gov.sg/content/moh_web/healthprofessionalsportal/doctors/guidelines/cpg_medical.html. The recommendations should be used with reference to the full text of the guidelines. Following this article are multiple choice questions based on the full text of the guidelines.

1.1 Background information

Anxiety disorders are known to be one of the most prevalent of psychiatric conditions, yet they often remain under-diagnosed and under-treated. Their chronic, disabling symptoms cause considerable burden not only to sufferers but also to their families, and contribute to poorer quality of life and considerable economic burden on society.In many instances, there is a delay in seeking treatment and in some cases such delay may stretch up to nearly ten years. This may result from ignorance of the condition, fear of taking medications, and the stigma of receiving a psychiatric diagnosis, and or having to accept psychiatric treatment.The anxiety disorders include panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. In the clinical evaluation of anxiety disorders, it is important to ascertain the type of anxiety disorder present. This would allow treatment to be targeted at the specific type of disorder.These guidelines are developed to provide practical, evidence-based recommendations to primary care physicians and specialists in psychiatry for the diagnosis and management of the anxiety disorders.The first edition of the guidelines was published in 2003. In this edition, we present data from newer research as well as older data not previously reported in the earlier guidelines.For example, we examine the efficacy of combining medications with psychological therapy over medications alone, or psychological therapy alone. In view of the majority of anxiety sufferers being female we have made recommendations for pharmacotherapy during pregnancy and breastfeeding. As these guidelines are intended for use in the Singapore context, we have omitted treatments that are currently not available in Singapore.

1.2 Aim

These guidelines are developed to facilitate the diagnosis and assessment of the anxiety disorders, and to ensure that their management is appropriate and effective.

1.3 Scope

These guidelines will cover the management of anxiety disorders in adults and address the issues of medication use during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

1.4 Target group

The content of the guidelines will be useful for all doctors treating patients with anxiety disorders. Efforts have been made to ensure that the guidelines are particularly useful for primary care physicians and specialists in psychiatry, including all those involved in the assessment and management of patients with anxiety disorders in the community. The doctor treating the patient is ultimately responsible for clinical decisions made after reviewing the individual patient’s history, clinical presentation and treatment options available.

1.5 Development of guidelines

These guidelines have been produced by a committee of psychiatrists, a clinical psychologist, pharmacist, patient representative, and family practitioners appointed by the Ministry of Health. They were developed by revising the existing guidelines, reviewing relevant literature, including overseas clinical practice guidelines, and by expert clinical consensus of professionals with experience in treating patients in the local setting.The following principles underlie the development of these guidelines:

• Treatment recommendations are supported by scientific evidence whenever possible (randomised controlled clinical trials represent the highest level of evidence) and expert clinical consensus is used when such data are lacking.
• Treatment should maximise therapeutic benefits and minimise side effects.

1.6 What’s new in the revised guidelines

This edition of the guidelines contains updated recommendations based on latest evidence, as well as detailed discussions and recommendations on the management of anxiety disorders in adult populations.The following represent changes to the revised guidelines

• An extensive review of the literature, including new evidence. This involved the re-writing and extensive revision of the chapters.
• Length of treatment, which provides answers to a pertinent question.
• Use of medications during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Given that females are more likely to be at risk of being diagnosed with anxiety disorders, this is an important subject.

We are aware that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5) was released in 2013. In DSM-5, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder have been removed and classified separately from the rest of the anxiety disorders. If we were to adhere strictly to DSM-5, this would entail omitting discussion on post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. As it is our aim to provide an update on the 2003 guidelines, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder have been included in this edition of the guidelines.In addition, anxiety conditions in children are included in DSM-5. Since the present guidelines are meant to address only adult anxiety disorders, guidelines on children’s anxiety conditions are not included here.Hence, for purposes of these guidelines, we will continue to use classifications based on the International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD-10) and DSM-IV-TR criteria.

1.7 Review of guidelines

Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines are only as current as the evidence that supports them. Users must keep in mind that new evidence could supersede recommendations in these guidelines. The workgroup advises that these guidelines be scheduled for review five years after publication, or when new evidence appears that requires substantive changes to the present recommendations.     

Peptide inhibitor of morphine- and beta-endorphin-induced analgesia.

The synthetic beta-endorphin analogs with the omission of the NH2-terminal [Met]enkephalin segment [beta-endorphin-(6-31) and beta-endorphin-(20-31)] are shown to inhibit morphine- or beta-endorphin-induced analgesia in mice by the tail-flick test, whereas the synthetic NH2-terminal pentadecapeptide beta-endorphin-(1-15) has no inhibitory activity. This study raises the possibility that endogenous inhibiting peptides exist in the brain which play a role in the regulation of endorphin actions.     

Outcomes following selective fetoscopic laser ablation for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome: a single-centre experience

INTRODUCTIONFetoscopic laser photocoagulation (FLP), a treatment option for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) in monochorionic twin pregnancies, is currently the treatment of choice at our centre. We previously reported on our experience of FLP from June 2011 to March 2014. This paper audits our fetal surgery performance since then.METHODS15 consecutive patients who underwent FLP for Stage II–III TTTS before 26 weeks of gestation from June 2011 to January 2017 were retrospectively reviewed, consisting of five cases from our initial experience and ten subsequent cases. Perioperative, perinatal and neonatal outcomes were analysed.RESULTSOf 15 pregnancies, 10 (66.7%) and 5 (33.3%) were for Stage II and III TTTS respectively, with FLP performed at an earlier Quintero stage in the later cohort. Overall mean gestational ages at presentation, laser and delivery were comparable between the cohorts at 19.7 (15.4–24.3) weeks, 20.3 (16.3–25.0) weeks and 31.2 (27.6–37.0) weeks, respectively. 2 (13.3%) cases had intra-amniotic bleeding and 1 (6.7%) had iatrogenic septostomy. 1 (6.7%) case had persistent TTTS requiring repeat FLP, and another (6.7%) had preterm premature rupture of membranes at seven weeks post procedure. The overall perinatal survival rate was 21 (75.0%) out of 28 infants. One mother underwent termination of pregnancy for social reasons at 1.4 weeks post procedure. Double survival occurred in 8 (57.1%) out of 14 pregnancies, while 13 (92.9%) had at least one survivor.CONCLUSIONFLP requires a highly specialised team and tertiary neonatal facility. Continual training improves maternal and perinatal outcomes, ensuring comparable standards with international centres.     

Practical aspects of telehealth: doctor–patient relationship and communication

The fourth in a series of articles about the practical aspects of telehealth, this paper provides advice and information for specialists to communicate effectively with patients during a telehealth video consultation.     

Single center retrospective analysis of BU-based conditioning regimens in allogeneic transplantation

We performed a single institution retrospective analysis of 114 patients treated with BU-based pretransplant conditioning regimens. Oral BU was administered to 76 patients (total dose 16?mg/kg or 8?mg/kg) and i.v. BU to 38 others (total dose 12.8?mg/kg or 6.4?mg/kg). Either CY (n=74) or fludarabine (n=40) was given in combination with BU. Median age was 35 years in the oral BU group and 48.5 years with i.v. BU (P<0.001). OS and PFS rates at 3-years post HSCT were not different in patients who received either i.v. or oral BU (OS: 41.3 vs 44.0% (P=0.981); PFS: 52.7 vs 54.7% (P=0.526), respectively). The i.v. BU, however, was associated with a significantly shorter time to engraftment (13.5 days vs 16 days, respectively; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in survival or 100-day mortality for patients who received either CY or fludarabine, in combination with BU. After adjustment for confounders, multivariate analysis showed that age of transplant (P=0.002), donor type (sibling or unrelated; P=0.003), GVHD (P<0.05) and route of administration (P=0.023) were significant risk factors for OS. The i.v. BU used in an older age group yielded equivalent survival compared with oral BU used in a younger population.