Enfermedad pulmonar intersticial difusa por metaplasia peribronquiolar

Peribronchiolar metaplasia is a histologic lesion characterized by fibrosis and bronchiolar epithelial proliferation, affecting peribronchiolar alveolar septa and terminal bronchioles. It has been considered a nonspecific tissue reaction secondary to the action of external factors, such as tobacco smoke and microbes, and is a common histologic finding in several diffuse interstitial lung diseases. Several such cases with clinical, radiologic, and lung function manifestations characteristic of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia have been described recently, all having peribronchiolar metaplasia as the only histologic abnormality. We report 2 cases of interstitial lung disease in which peribronchiolar metaplasia was the only finding of pathology.     

A high‐fat plus fructose diet produces a vascular prostanoid alterations in the rat

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Y-chromosome descent clusters and male differential reproductive success: young lineage expansions dominate Asian pastoral nomadic populations

High-frequency microsatellite haplotypes of the male-specific Y-chromosome can signal past episodes of high reproductive success of particular men and their patrilineal descendants. Previously, two examples of such successful Y-lineages have been described in Asia, both associated with Altaic-speaking pastoral nomadic societies, and putatively linked to dynasties descending, respectively, from Genghis Khan and Giocangga. Here we surveyed a total of 5321 Y-chromosomes from 127 Asian populations, including novel Y-SNP and microsatellite data on 461 Central Asian males, to ask whether additional lineage expansions could be identified. Based on the most frequent eight-microsatellite haplotypes, we objectively defined 11 descent clusters (DCs), each within a specific haplogroup, that represent likely past instances of high male reproductive success, including the two previously identified cases. Analysis of the geographical patterns and ages of these DCs and their associated cultural characteristics showed that the most successful lineages are found both among sedentary agriculturalists and pastoral nomads, and expanded between 2100 BCE and 1100 CE. However, those with recent origins in the historical period are almost exclusively found in Altaic-speaking pastoral nomadic populations, which may reflect a shift in political organisation in pastoralist economies and a greater ease of transmission of Y-chromosomes through time and space facilitated by the use of horses.     

Prevalence and mechanisms of hyperhomocysteinemia in chronic alcoholics

BACKGROUND: Homocysteine (Hcy) is formed as an intermediary in methionine metabolism. Impairment of Hcy remethylation or transulfuration leads to hyperhomocysteinemia, which is considered as a risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease and stroke in chronic alcoholics. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia in chronic alcoholics and the influence of alcohol consumption, vitamin deficiencies and liver damage on the plasma levels of Hcy. METHODS: 228 chronic alcoholic patients consecutively admitted for detoxication, classified according to clinical and biochemical data in normal liver (n = 117), and in mild to moderate liver disease (n = 111), and 49 healthy controls were studied. Blood levels of Hcy, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and folate were measured. RESULTS: Plasma Hcy was significantly higher in chronic alcoholics than in controls (9.66 +/- 8.1 vs. 6.93 +/- 2.33 mumol/liter, p < 0.025). Furthermore, plasma Hcy levels were significantly higher in chronic alcoholics with liver injury (12.17 +/- 10.14 mumol/liter) than in those with normal liver and in controls (p < 0.001). The prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia was also significantly higher in alcoholics with liver damage than in those with normal liver and in controls (29.7%, 5.1%, and 2%, respectively, p < 0.001). Serum folate values were lower in chronic alcoholics than in controls (4.7 +/- 2.6 vs. 7.6 +/- 2.4 nmol/liter, p < 0.001). The lowest values of folate were found in alcoholics with liver disease, especially in those with hyperhomocysteinemia, with a negative correlation between the two parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate hyperhomocysteinemia is common in chronic alcoholics, mainly in those with liver damage, suggesting that, although folate deficiencies may have a contributory role, liver impairment, through changes in methionine metabolism, is the most important mechanism for the elevated plasma Hcy found in these patients.     

Energy Intake,Profile, and Dietary Sources in the Spanish Population: Findings of the ANIBES Study

Energy intake, and the foods and beverages contributing to that, are considered key to understanding the high obesity prevalence worldwide. The relative contributions of energy intake and expenditure to the obesity epidemic, however, remain poorly defined in Spain. The purpose of this study was to contribute to updating data of dietary energy intake and its main sources from food and beverages, according to gender and age. These data were derived from the ANIBES (“Anthropometry, Intake, and Energy Balance in Spain”) study, a cross-sectional study of a nationally representative sample of the Spanish population (from 9–75 years old). A three-day dietary record, collected by means of a tablet device, was used to obtain information about food and beverage consumption and leftovers. The final sample comprised 2009 individuals (1,013 men, 996 women). The observed mean dietary energy intake was 7.6 ± 2.11 MJ/day (8.2 ± 2.22 MJ/day for men and 6.9 ± 1.79 MJ/day for women). The highest intakes were observed among adolescents aged 13–17 years (8.4 MJ/day), followed by children 9–12 years (8.2 ± 1.80 MJ/day), adults aged 18–64 (7.6 ± 2.14 MJ/day) and older adults aged 65–75 years (6.8 ± 1.88 MJ/day). Cereals or grains (27.4%), meats and derivatives (15.2%), oils and fats (12.3%), and milk and dairy products (11.8%) contributed most to daily energy intake. Energy contributions from non-alcoholic beverages (3.9%), fish and shellfish (3.6%), sugars and sweets (3.3%) and alcoholic beverages (2.6%) were moderate to minor. Contributions to caloric profile were 16.8%E from proteins; 41.1%E from carbohydrates, including 1.4%E from fiber; 38.5%E from fats; and 1.9%E from alcohol intake. We can conclude that energy intake is decreasing in the Spanish population. A variety of food and beverage groups contribute to energy intake; however, it is necessary to reinforce efforts for better adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet.     

Bacterial endocarditis with ruptured sinus of valsalva and aorticocardiac fistula

A case is presented of bacterial endocarditis with a ruptured sinus of Valsalva and formation of an aorticocardiac fistula from the right coronary sinus into the right atrium and right ventricle. The pathologic, clinical and surgical aspects of bacterial endocarditis complicated by a ruptured sinus of Valsalva and an aorticocardiac fistula are analyzed. This complication of bacterial endocarditis is still uncommon, but alertness to its diagnosis makes possible early and successful surgical treatment.     

Electronegative LDL of FH subjects: chemical characterization and induction of chemokine release from human endothelial cells

Electronegative LDL (LDL(-)) constitutes a plasma subfraction of LDL with proinflammatory properties. Its proportion is increased in familial hypercholesterolemia (FH); however, the characteristics of LDL(-) isolated from FH subjects have not been previously studied. In this work, the composition, oxidative status, and inflammatory capacity on endothelial cells of LDL(-) from FH and normolipemic (NL) subjects were evaluated. LDL(-) from FH was relatively enriched in esterified and free cholesterol and triglyceride, and had lower apoB and phospholipid content compared with the non-electronegative fraction (LDL(+)). LDL(-) also contained increased amounts of apoE, apoC-III, sialic acid, and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs). The same was observed in NL subjects, except that esterified cholesterol and phospholipid were similar in LDL(-) and LDL(+). No difference was observed between the two fractions concerning malondialdehyde, fatty acid hydroxides, and antioxidants, thereby indicating the absence of increased oxidation of LDL(-) compared with LDL(+). When LDL(-) (100 mg/l) from NL and FH subjects was incubated for 24 h with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), interleukin 8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) increased twofold in the culture medium compared with LDL(+). Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) expression was not increased by LDL(-). Our data indicate that LDL(-) from FH or NL subjects shows no evidence of increased oxidative modification compared to LDL(+); however, LDL(-) induces twofold the release of chemokines by endothelial cells. This effect, which may contribute to leukocyte recruitment and promote atherogenesis, may be greater in FH subjects in which LDL(-) can be up to eightfold higher than in NL subjects.