昆明山海棠化学成分研究

从昆明山海棠(Tripterygium hypoglaucum (Lévl.)Hutch)根中分得三个单体,经光谱分析鉴定晶1为已知物雷藤二萜酸(triptoditerpenic acid),晶2和晶3为新二萜化合物,分别命名为雷藤二萜酸B(triptoditerpenic acid B)和山海棠二萜内酯A(hypodiolide A)。     

Recombinant tumor necrosis factor causes activation of human granulocytes

We have tested the hypothesis that tumor necrosis factor (TNF), by binding to and activating granulocytes, may contribute to the pathogenesis of gram-negative sepsis and the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Buffy coat granulocytes incubated with as little as 0.5 ng/mL of recombinant TNF (rTNF) showed a dose-related increase in nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction, in granulocyte polarization, in superoxide anion release, and in visually apparent aggregation. Purified lipopolysaccharide (1 microgram/mL) caused polymorphonuclear (PMN) aggregation and activation that was neutralized by polymyxin B. The release of superoxide was augmented by preincubation of the PMNs with gamma-interferon. The effect of TNF was neutralized by TNF- specific murine monoclonal antibodies but not by polymyxin B. Scatchard analysis of 125I-rTNF binding to granulocytes revealed about 1,200 receptors per cell with a Kd of 4.9 X 10(-10) mol/L. These results suggest that the release of TNF by mononuclear phagocytes contributes to granulocyte activation and aggregation during inflammation.     

苦红菇化学成分的研究

从野生真菌苦红菇(Russula rosacea(Bull)Grrayem,Fr.)子实体酸性部分得到两个新的四环三萜酸化合物,经光谱(IR,¹HNMR,¹³CNMR,MS)、尤其是二维核磁共振(¹³C-¹HCOSY,COLOC,NOEDIFF)谱解析,确定其结构分别如Ⅰ和Ⅱ所示,Ⅰ命名为苦红菇酸A(rosaceaacidA),Ⅱ为苦红菇酸B(rosaceaacidB)。     

Brain tumors and occupational exposures in a cohort of female textile workers in Shanghai, China

OBJECTIVES： This study assessed the associations between brain tumors and specific processes and exposures among female textile workers in Shanghai, China. METHODS： A case-cohort study was conducted that was nested in a cohort of textile workers originally included in a randomized trial of breast self-examination. Incident brain tumor cases （N=114） were identified from 1989 to 1998 from a tumor and death registry operated by the Shanghai Textile Industry Bureau. A subcohort （N=3188）, representing an agestratified random sample of the entire cohort, was selected as a comparison group.     

Familial aggregation of anxiety-related quantitative traits in generalized social phobia: clues to understanding "disorder" heritability?

Social phobia, particularly the generalized form, is strongly familial. Given the probable continuity from extremes of normative personality (e.g., shyness) to social phobia to personality disorder (e.g., avoidant personality disorder), it is unlikely that social phobia itself, at the level of an Axis I disorder, is transmitted. Rather, it seems more parsimonious, and in keeping with current notions about the structure and heritability of mental disorders, that one or more temperamental risk factors for social phobia is transmitted. The goal of this study was to explore this possibility by examining relevant quantitative traits in a family study of generalized social phobia (GSP). First-degree (n = 103) relatives of patients with DSM-IV GSP and 65 first-degree relatives of not socially phobic comparison subjects (NC) completed a panel of self-report questionnaires that included measures of trait anxiety, social anxiety, and personality. Regression analysis was used to examine associations between group membership (i.e., whether that family member was a first-degree relative of a GSP proband) and these measures. First-degree relatives of GSP probands scored significantly higher than first-degree relatives of not socially phobic probands on measures of trait anxiety and social anxiety and on the Harm Avoidance subscale of the TPQ. One large factor, accounting for 84% of the variance, was strongly associated with being a first-degree relative of a GSP proband. Quantitative traits elevated in probands with generalized social phobia are also elevated in their first-degree relatives. Future family and genetic studies of social phobia should consider the possibility that one or more traits (or some aggregation thereof) may better approximate the phenotype of interest. More extensive efforts at phenotype refinement should be undertaken before such studies proceed.     

The influence of the macro-environment on physical activity: a multilevel analysis of 38 countries worldwide

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: As indicated by the ANGELO framework and similar models, various environmental factors influence population levels of physical activity (PA). To date attention has focused on the micro-level environment, while evidence on the macro-level environment remains scarce and mostly limited to high-income countries. This study aims to investigate whether environmental factors at macro-level are associated with PA among a broader range of countries. METHODS: Data from the World Health Survey (WHS) was used to analyze 177,035 adults from 38 (mostly low and middle income) countries. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-S) was used to measure PA. Respondents were classified as active or inactive for vigorous PA, moderate PA and walking. Multilevel logistic regression was performed to assess associations between macro-level environmental factors and the prevalence of PA, with control for individual-level socioeconomic factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of PA varied widely between countries and types of PA (5.0%-93.8%). A negative association was found between gross domestic product and PA, odds ratios for men were 0.76 (95% CI: 0.65-0.89) for moderate PA and 0.79 (95% CI: 0.63-0.98) for walking. A higher temperature was associated with less PA (all types) and higher urbanization was associated with less vigorous and moderate PA. More gender equality was also associated with more walking for women. Governmental functioning and literacy rate were not found to be associated with any type of PA. CONCLUSIONS: This exploratory study indicates that factors such as climate, economic development and cultural factors are determinants of the level of overall PA at national levels. This underlines the suggestion that the macro-environment should be regarded as an important influence on PA.