鼻咽恶性淋巴瘤43例误诊分析

目的 分析鼻咽恶性淋巴瘤的误诊原因，探讨减少误诊的措施。方法对我院1990至2002年间住院治疗的120例鼻咽恶性淋巴瘤病人进行回顾性分析。结果120例鼻咽恶性淋巴瘤中有43例误诊，误诊率高达35.8％。结论鼻咽恶性淋巴瘤易发生临床误诊和病理误诊，全面掌握鼻咽恶性淋巴瘤的临床表现特点、重视鼻咽的检查和活检、注意影像学检查、结合实验室检查及免疫组化等是减少鼻咽恶性淋巴瘤误诊的有效措施。     

鼻窦黏液囊肿造袋术的组织病理学基础

目的探讨鼻窦黏液囊肿造袋术的组织病理学基础，为鼻窦黏液囊肿造袋术提供理论依据，并观察造袋术的临床疗效。方法21例鼻窦黏液囊肿病人均行经鼻内镜囊肿造袋术，手术后标本作常规病理检查和电镜超微结构检查。随访6～12个月。结果常规病理检查21例均为黏液囊肿，电镜检查除1例为立方状上皮外，其余内衬上皮为假复层纤毛柱状上皮。上皮纤毛发达，线粒体丰富，内质网、高尔基氏体发达，黏液性腺细胞和杯状细胞浆中有大量黏液分泌颗粒，基底膜下有大量淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞及少量嗜酸性粒细胞浸润。术后无1例复发。结论囊肿造袋术是治疗鼻窦黏液囊肿的有效术式。鼻窦黏液囊肿内衬上皮与鼻腔大部分黏膜一样均为假复层纤毛柱状上皮，纤毛发达，术后纤毛功能可以恢复，这是鼻窦黏液囊肿造袋术的组织病理学基础。     

经平坦部玻璃体切除联合滤过手术治疗无晶状体或人工晶状体眼的青光眼

目的探讨经平坦部玻璃体切除联合滤过手术治疗无晶状体或人工晶状体眼的青光眼的方法和疗效。方法对18例(18眼)无晶状体或人工晶状体眼的青光眼,进行上述手术治疗,术后观察视力、眼压、滤过泡形态、手术并发症等,随访6～12(平均7.3)mo。结果18眼中16眼(89%)术后视力维持不变或提高;最近一次随访,眼压在6～21mmHg者为14眼(78%),<6mmHg者1眼,>21mmHg者3眼。18眼中13眼(72%)形成滤过泡,5眼(28%)无明显滤过泡。术后前房少量积血2例,均在术后1wk内吸收,术后长期低眼压1例,此外无其它并发症发生。结论玻璃体切除联合滤过手术是治疗无晶状体或人工晶状体眼继发性青光眼的一种比较安全有效的方法,尤其适用于玻璃体脱入到前房的病例。     

泪囊黏液囊肿的鼻泪管支架植入治疗观察

目的 评价鼻湘管支架植入术在治疗泪囊黏肿中的应用价值。方法 对21例（21眼）泪囊黏滚囊肿患者行鼻泪管支架植入术，逆行扩张鼻泪道后植入特制的鼻泪管支架，术前术后行数字减影泪道造影检查，分析其疗效。结果 21眼均成功植入鼻泪管支架，手术成功率为100%，术后随访2—43个月，有效率为100%。无严重并发症的发生。结论 鼻泪管支架植入术治疗泪囊黏液囊肿操作简便，具有良好的临床效果，值得推广。     

干眼模型的建立方法及评价

干眼是一类非常常见的眼表疾病，理想的干眼模型对于干眼的研究具有重要的价值。目前，已有多种建立干眼动物模型的方法，如通过药物作用、改变动物性激素分泌水平、去除泪腺或眼表的神经支配、诱导泪腺产生自身免疫反应、手术摘除泪腺及手术封闭睑板腺开口等均可制作出干眼模型。这些干眼模型归纳起来主要有泪液缺乏型干眼及蒸发过强型干眼两大类型。常用于制作干眼模型的动物主要有兔、狗及鼠等，此外，还有使用猫、恒河猴、貂及马等制作干眼模型的报道。对几种常见的干眼模型的制作方法及其优缺点作一简要的综述。     

正常角膜基质细胞密度和角膜厚度的研究

目的观察Confoscan 2.0共焦显微镜下正常活体角膜影像表现,测量基质细胞密度与各层厚度.方法检查34例(48眼)正常人.记录图像,并计算基质细胞密度和各层厚度.结果基质细胞密度从前到后逐渐降低,前基质比后基质细胞密度明显增高(t=-9.016,P=0.000),Bowman膜下密度最高,为(1113.2±227)个/mm2.全基质细胞密度为(806.5±57)个/mm2.角膜中央厚度为(568.3±53.8)μm,基质层为(465.5±60.2)μm,上皮层为(58.5±20.4)μm.各层厚度均与全基质细胞密度无显著相关性(P＞0.05).结论Confoscan 2.0共焦显微镜能检测角膜基质细胞密度和各层厚度.     

微脉冲半导体激光的临床应用现状

微脉冲半导体激光是一种阈下光凝技术 ,它能选择性地作用于视网膜色素上皮细胞 ,避免损伤视网膜神经层 ,在产生治疗作用的同时最大限度地保持视功能 ,对治疗黄斑水肿、中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变 (中浆 )和玻璃膜疣具有较好的疗效。本研究阐述了微脉冲半导体激光的原理、临床应用及激光光凝斑检测等方面的进展。     

Integrity and moral residue: nurses as participants in a moral community

Abstract This paper will examine the concepts of integrity and moral residue as they relate to nursing practice in the current health care environment. I will begin with my definition and conception of ethical practice, and, based on that, will go on to argue for the importance of recognizing that nurses often find themselves in the position of compromising their moral integrity in order to maintain their self‐survival in the hospital or health care environment. I will argue that moral integrity is necessary to a moral life, and is relational in nature. When integrity is threatened, the result is moral distress, moral residue, and in some cases, abandonment of the profession. The solution will require more than teaching bioethics to nursing students and nurses. It will require changes in the health care environment, organizational culture and the education of nurses, with an emphasis on building a moral community as an environment in which to practise ethically.     

Perspectives on colorectal cancer screening: a focus group study

Objective To assess attitudes and acceptability of Ontario consumers and doctors towards colorectal screening with faecal occult blood testing (FOBT) and colonoscopy. Design, setting and participants Focus groups with gender‐specific samples of the population, high‐risk gastroenterology patients and family doctors. Method Semi‐structured interview guides used by facilitator to lead groups through knowledge of risk factors and prevention of colorectal cancer, the screening modalities, requirements for implementing screening programmes, barriers to screening and preferences towards screening. Main findings There were low levels of knowledge about colorectal cancer and its prevention in the general population. FOBT was an acceptable screening modality, but considerable education about its use and benefits would be necessary to implement a screening programme. Colonoscopy was not perceived to be a good choice for a primary screen in the general population. The high‐risk group supported use of FOBT in the general population and emphasized the need for education. The doctors were more reluctant about screening, requesting clear guidelines. They also identified the time and resources that would be required if a screening programme were initiated. Conclusion While colorectal screening is acceptable in this sample, information and decision aids are required to enable consumers and providers to make effective decisions. Implementation of colorectal screening programmes requires substantial educational efforts for both consumers and doctors.     

硅油残留致继发性青光眼的处理

目的　探讨硅油残留继发青光眼的临床特点和处理方法。方法　对 19例 ( 19眼 )硅油取出术后由于硅油残留继发青光眼的患者的临床特点进行回顾性分析 ,对其中 14例进行前房冲洗术。结果　 19例硅油取出术后眼压升高出现于平均术后 7 8± 2 7天 ,眼压平均为 3 7 2± 6 4mmHg ,19例均可见前房或房角硅油小滴或乳化硅油 ,14例前房冲洗术后平均眼压为 18± 4 11mmHg ,与术前相比眼压下降有显著性意义 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　前房残留的硅油小滴或乳化硅油是硅油取出术后高眼压的主要原因 ,前房冲洗术是安全有效的处理方法