Low Pulse Pressure as a Predictor of Death in Patients with Mild to Advanced Heart Failure

The prognostic value of pulse pressure has been investigated in heart-failure patients. Low pulse pressure in advanced heart failure and high pulse pressure in mild heart failure have been separately linked to increased mortality rates. We prospectively investigated an association between pulse pressure and 2-year cardiovascular death in an entire heart-failure population.We prospectively enrolled 225 heart-failure patients (New York Heart Association [NYHA] functional class, I–IV; mean age, 56.5 ± 12.3 yr; 188 men). The patients'' blood pressures were measured in accordance with recommended guidelines. Pulse pressures were calculated as the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure values. The patients were monitored for a mean period of 670 ± 42 days for the occurrence of cardiovascular death.All patients were divided into quartiles according to their pulse pressures (<35, 35–45, 46–55, and >55 mmHg). Pulse pressure decreased as NYHA class worsened (P <0.001). Patients in the <35-mmHg quartile had the lowest plasma sodium concentrations, left ventricular ejection fractions, and systolic myocardial velocities upon echocardiography; and the highest left ventricular dimensions, early diastolic/late diastolic filling velocity ratios, and peak early/peak late diastolic myocardial velocity ratios. Pulse pressure independently predicted death in the patients with advanced heart failure and in the entire population. Upon receiver operating characteristic analysis, a 30-mmHg cutoff value for pulse pressure predicted death with 83.7% sensitivity and 79.7% specificity.Pulse pressure is easily calculated and enables the prediction of cardiovascular death in patients with mild to advanced heart failure. Pulse pressure can be used reliably as a prognostic marker in clinical practice.Key words: Blood pressure/physiology, cardiovascular diseases/mortality/physiopathology, epidemiologic methods, heart failure/epidemiology/etiology/physiopathology, multivariate analysis, predictive value of tests, prospective studies, pulse/physiology, reference values, risk factorsPulse pressure (PP) is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) values. Pulse pressure markedly rises after the 5th decade of life, due to arterial stiffening with increasing age.^1,2 Several studies have shown a close relationship between high PP and the occurrence of cardiovascular (CV) death.^3-5 Furthermore, high PP is a risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, and heart failure in normotensive and hypertensive persons.^6-10Data regarding the prognostic value of PP in patients with heart failure are limited and controversial. The importance of PP was investigated in 2 large studies. The SAVE¹¹ (Survival and Ventricular Enlargement) trial revealed a worse prognosis in patients with high PP and symptomatic or asymptomatic left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction. The SOLVD¹² (Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction) trial found that high PP independently predicted total and CV death in mild heart failure. However, in both studies, patients in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classes I and II constituted most of the population, and few patients had advanced heart failure (NYHA classes III and IV). In other studies involving patients with advanced heart failure, low PP was associated with high CV mortality rates.^13-16 We believed that further study was warranted in order to elucidate the prognostic value of PP in an entire heart-failure population. Accordingly, we investigated the association between PP and 2-year CV death in patients in whom the severity of heart failure ranged from mild to advanced.     

Effect of angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker on osteoporotic rat femurs

BackgroundOsteoblasts and osteoclasts are known to express Ang II type I (AT1) receptor in cell cultures, suggesting the existence of local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in bone. This study was designed to investigate the effects of losartan as AT1 receptor blocker on ovariectomized rats' femur.MethodsLosartan (5 mg/kg/day) was administered via oral gavage for 8 weeks. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, while tensile and three-point bending tests were performed for evaluation of biomechanical properties of bone. The trabecular porosity was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy.ResultsThere was a significant decrease in BMD values of ovariectomized rats' femurs which were reversed by losartan treatment. According to tensile test results, ultimate tensile strength and strain values of losartan treated ovariectomized rats' femurs increased and decreased, respectively, when compared to that of ovariectomized animals. Losartan treatment also caused a significant recovery in flexural strength and modulus parameters regarding respective control values, which mean losartan treated ovariectomized rats' femur had more force tolerance until break than ovariectomized rats' femur. Quantitative microscopic analysis showed larger trabecular porosity in ovariectomized rats than control rat femurs and it was significantly decreased after losartan treatment.ConclusionBlockage of AT1 receptor increased strength, mass and trabecular connections of ovariectomized rat femurs. Therefore, it is tempting to speculate that drugs, including AT1 receptor blockers, may be used for the treatment of osteoporosis or reduction of its detrimental effects in the future.     

Translocation of Anomalous Right Coronary Artery to Aortic Side of the Aortopulmonary Window: A Different Approach for a Rare Combination

Abstract   A case of aortopulmonary window associated with anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery in a four-month-old boy is reported in this paper with a different method of repair. In this patient, surgical repair was done by transferring the right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery to the aorta at the aortopulmonary window side. The defect at the pulmonary artery was repaired by a pericardial patch, so no other secondary opening was used for the aorta in order to reimplant the coronary artery .     

Radiological findings of primary retroperitoneal Ewing sarcoma

Ewing sarcomas are most commonly located in bone, while extraskeletal involvement of the retroperitoneum is extremely rare. We describe the radiologic and pathological findings in an adult patient with retroperitoneal extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma.     

Association of left renal vein variations and pelvic varices in abdominal MDCT

The aim of this study was to determine whether left renal vein (LRV) variation is associated with pelvic varices and left ovarian vein (LOV) reflux. Routine abdominal multidetector-row computed tomography scans of 324 women without symptoms of pelvic congestion syndrome were analyzed. Presence and type of LRV variants (circumaortic [CLRV] or retroaortic [RLRV]) were recorded. Diameters of the LRV, ovarian veins (OVs), and parauterine veins were measured and a specific LRV diameter ratio was calculated for each patient. Presence and severity of pelvic varices and LOV reflux were noted. Pelvic varices were detected in 59 (18%) of the total of 324 women, in 7 (37%) of the 19 women with RLRVs, in 7 (29%) of the 24 women with CLRVs, and in 45 (16%) of the 281 women with normal LRVs. The frequency of pelvic varices in the women with LRV variation was significantly higher than that in the group with normal LRV anatomy (33 vs. 16%; p=0.009). The frequency of pelvic varices in the women with RLRVs was also significantly higher than that in the group with normal LRV anatomy (p=0.02). LRV diameter ratio was correlated with presence of pelvic varices and presence of LOV reflux (p=0.0001 for both). This study revealed an association between pelvic varices and LRV variations in a population of predominantly multiparous women. The preliminary results of this study were presented as an electronic poster at the ECR (European Congress of Radiology) conference, 3–7 March 2006 in Vienna, Austria.     

Restless leg syndrome in the differential diagnosis of entrapment and peripheral neuropathies

Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is an abnormal sensation disorder. Defining the syndrome is difficult. It is transmitted autosomal dominant genetically, is especially prevalent in the lower limbs, and is seen in both genders. In the differential diagnosis of RLS, nocturnal leg cramps, akathisia, peripheral neuropathy, entrapment neuropathy, and vascular disease (for example, deep vein thrombosis) should be considered. A 52-year-old woman was admitted to our clinic with signs of paresthesia, she had abnormal sensation disorder in both legs and the right arm, which she had difficulty defining. She had applied to another center with the same complaints and had been evaluated as entrapment neuropathy, carpal tunnel syndrome, and/or peripheral neuropathy. Her electromyographic examination carried out by us was normal. The history, neurological examination findings, and results of standard laboratory analyses provided a diagnosis of idiopathic RLS. After the diagnosis of RLS in the proband, we questioned other family members. Her large family had 63 members, 35 males, and 28 females. Of 63 members, 17 also had an RLS diagnosis.     

Biochemical effects of experimental epidural hematoma on brain parenchyma of rats

INTRODUCTION: The management of epidural hematoma is classified into surgical or conservative treatment according to clinical and radiologic parameters. In the recent years, the number of paper suggesting conservative management has been increasing. The experimental works that have been performed are based on especially the effects of epidural hematomas. Basic pathophysiologic factors on ischemia result of brain trauma are based on biochemical mediators. Nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) are the substances that play important roles in brain damage after trauma. MATERIAL AND METHOD: In this study, 36 rats are divided into three groups (n = 12/group). Epidural hematoma was achieved by 0.1 ml autolog blood in rat epidural space with balloon model. Early and late phase biochemical effects on parenchyma of epidural hematoma operated in a volume which neither alters intracranial pressure (ICP) nor creates shift effect were observed. Biochemical changes of NO and MDA levels were examined in each of three experimental groups. RESULTS: NO values increased significantly in the early group (6 hours) compared with those in the control group. Difference of NO values between the control and late groups was not significant. An increase has been found in MDA values in the control group compared with those in the early group. MDA values of the late group (30 days) were closer to that of the control group. CONCLUSION: In this study, considering biochemical results, we have found that conservative volumes which neither increase ICP nor cause brain shift do not lead to permanent changes on brain.