Conservative management of type 2 gallbladder perforation in a child

Gallbladder perforation(GBP) is a rare but serious complication of cholecystitis and needs to be managed promptly. Acalculus cholecystitis leading to GBP is frequently associated with enteric fever and found in critically ill patients, and a surgical approach is not always feasible in such patients. Use of percutaneous tube cholecystostomy(PTC) in such patients is a known entity but it is usually followed by interval cholecystectomy. Here we report a case of perforated gallbladder in a child managed conservatively and successfully with PTC as the definitive treatment wherein cholecystectomy was avoided. The functionality of the gallbladder was confirmed by a Tc99m-HIDA scan.     

Novel 5-(1-aryl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-1H-tetrazoles as glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors: An in vivo antihyperglycemic activity study

In this study, we report the ring transformation of 3-arylsydnone into 1-aryl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitriles via [3 + 2] cycloaddition with acrylonitrile. 1-Aryl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile underwent [2 + 3] cycloaddition with sodium azide to afford 5-(1-aryl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-1H-tetrazoles which were further subjected to N-alkylation with aryl/heteroaryl alkyl halides to afford 1,5- and 2,5-disubstituted tetrazoles. Furthermore, the title compounds were screened for in vivo antihyperglycemic activity using albino Wistar rats of either sex. Compounds 4a , 6b , 7a , 7b , 8b , and 9b showed maximum fall in the blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats after 5–7 days of administration. In support of antidiabetic activity, we also performed the experimental in vivo studies, namely, effect of compounds on enzymes (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, creatinine, urea, and total protein), antihyperlipidemic, and histopathology. Moreover, the molecular docking study has been performed for potent molecules among the series with glycogen phosphorylase as target enzyme, and this study corroborated the experimental in vivo results.     

Chylothorax--a conservative approach (a case report).

Lymphatic blockage due to a non-specific inflammation probably of a filarial origin caused dilatation and ectasia of lymph channels at thoracic inlet of a child. Transudation of lymph through these channels led to chylothorax. The present case report highlights the significance of conservative approach towards this complex problem.     

Exposure of applicators and residents to chlordane and heptachlor when used for subterranean termite control

Research was conducted to assess dermal and respiratory exposure to applicators from chlordane and heptachlor used for subterranean termite control and exposure to residents of treated homes. Dermal exposure of 29 applicators was evaluated by using gauze pads attached to outer and inner clothing at selected body regions. Respiratory exposure of applicators was monitored with personnel-type air samplers worn during application periods. Air samplers were equipped with polyurethane foam plugs to trap airborne chlordane and heptachlor. Exposure of residents was measured by sampling ambient air of 19 homes treated with the termiticides. Electric air samplers equipped with foam plugs were used to monitor ambient air from the basement, the kitchen, and one bedroom at: 24 h prior to termiticide application, during application, and post-application at 24 h, 1 wk, and monthly for 6 mo. Applicator dermal exposure was estimated based on exposure rates to each body region. Respiratory exposure was estimated based on termiticide concentrations in the air and on the ventilation rate of a person doing light work. Residents' exposure was estimated based on the amount of termiticide present in ambient air. Results indicated that applicator exposure rates to chlordane and heptachlor were 2.54 and 1.88 g/kg/h, respectively. Residents were exposed to <0.69 and 2.86 g/m³ of chlordane and heptachlor, respectively. During this research, the application of termiticide containing chlordane and heptachlor posed minimal risk in terms of acute exposure to either the applicators or the residents of the treated homes.     

Physicochemical characterization and toxicological evaluation of plant-based anionic polymers and their nanoparticulated system for ocular delivery

The water-soluble fractions of mucilages and gum from the seeds of fenugreek, isphagula and mango bark exudate were isolated, purified and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), maldi/GC-MS, elemental analysis, 1D (¹H and ¹³C) and 2D (HMQC, COSY) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The fenugreek mucilage was identified to be a galactomannan chain consisting of 4 units of galactose attached to the backbone of 6 mannose units in 1:1.5 ratio. The isphagula mucilage was identified to be an arabinoxylan polysaccharide chain consisting of 4 units of arabinofuranose attached to the backbone of 9 xylopyrannose units in 1:3 ratio. The mango gum showed the presence of amylose, α-arabinofuranosyl and β-galactopyranosyl, respectively. The characterized mucilages and gum were individually formulated into nanoparticulate system using their complementarily charged polymer chitosan. The particles were observed to be spherical in shape in the range of 61.5–90 nm having zetapotential between 31 and 34 mV and PDI of 0.097–0.241. The prepared nanoparticles were observed to be nonirritant and nontoxic in vitro and in vivo upto 2000 μg/ml. Therefore, these mucilages and gum can be the alternatives of anionic polymers for the ocular drug delivery system.