First Outbreak of an H5N8 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus on a Chicken Farm in Japan in 2020

On 5 November 2020, a confirmed outbreak due to an H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) occurred at an egg-hen farm in Kagawa prefecture (western Japan). This virus, A/chicken/Kagawa/11C/2020 (Kagawa11C2020), was the first HPAI poultry isolate in Japan in 2020 and had multiple basic amino acids—a motif conferring high pathogenicity to chickens—at the hemagglutinin cleavage site. Mortality of chickens was 100% through intravenous inoculation tests performed according to World Organization for Animal Health criteria. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the hemagglutinin of Kagawa11C2020 belongs to clade 2.3.4.4B of the H5 Goose/Guangdong lineage and clusters with H5N8 HPAIVs isolated from wild bird feces collected in Hokkaido (Japan) and Korea in October 2020. These H5N8 HPAIVs are closely related to H5N8 HPAIVs isolated in European countries during the winter of 2019–2020. Intranasal inoculation of chickens with 10⁶ fifty-percent egg infectious doses of Kagawa11C2020 revealed that the 50% chicken lethal dose was 10^4.63 and the mean time to death was 134.4 h. All infected chickens demonstrated viral shedding beginning on 2 dpi—before clinical signs were observed. These results suggest that affected chickens could transmit Kagawa11C2020 to surrounding chickens in the absence of clinical signs for several days before they died.     

Evaluation of drugs for elimination of leukemic cells from the bone marrow of patients with acute leukemia

Relatively nonmyelotoxic drugs and drug combinations were investigated for their ability to eliminate malignant cells from human bone marrow. In vitro 90% inhibitory concentration (IC90) doses were established on granulocyte macrophage colony-forming units (GM-CFU) in culture of bone marrow by using the GM-CFU assay for the following drugs: 4- hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC), Adriamycin, L-asparaginase, bleomycin, hydrocortisone, VP-16, spirogermanium, Taxol, and vincristine. The leukemic cell kill efficiency of these drugs at IC90 doses was compared with that of 4-HC on acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) cell lines by using the limiting-dilution assay. Under these conditions, no single drug was superior to 4-HC. To increase the in vitro effect in leukemic cell kill, combinations of vincristine with hydrocortisone, Adriamycin, VP-16, and 4-HC were investigated. Vincristine at 1 to 5 micrograms/mL increased the marrow cytotoxicity of hydrocortisone, Adriamycin, and VP-16, but it was protective (subadditive) with 4-HC. Vincristine and 4-HC in combination was additive to supraadditive on ALL cell lines, increased the leukemic cell kill by one to two logs above 4-HC alone at IC90 doses (P less than .05), and was not affected by the addition of excess marrow cells. The recommended doses for chemopurging in clinical studies are vincristine, 1 to 5 micrograms/mL, plus 4-HC, 5 micrograms/mL.     

Isolation of varicella-zoster virus from vesicles in children with varicella

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) was isolated from 29 samples of the vesicular fluid in 13 otherwise healthy children with varicella who were aged from 7 months to 7 years. Human embryonic lung cells were used for viral isolation, and VZV was identified by a characteristic cytopathic effect and an indirect immunofluorescence assay. VZV was found in 17 samples; in two (12%) of which it was also detected after filtration (0.45 μm). The rate of isolation was 100% in the first two days after the onset of the disease. It declined gradually with time to 1 of 6 in the samples 6 days after the clinical onset. Specific IgG antibody to VZV was investigated in the same materials. The positive rate was 0% (0/13) in the first 3 days and increased to 7 of 16 in the following 3 days after the onset. VZV was not isolated from samples with specific antibody. In conclusion, VZV can be isolated easily from vesicles within the first 3 days of onset, but the filtration of samples affects its isolation. Infective VZV disappears gradually in vesicles after the first 3 days, and this may be related to the establishment of immune reactions including specific antibody. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

应用功能磁共振成像分析脑卒中患者康复治疗前后大脑再塑机制

目的:应用功能磁共振成像观察脑卒中后及康复过程中,在相应脑内运动功能区激活的变化情况,探讨不同运动模式下皮质功能再塑的表现。方法:选取2003-02/10大庆油田总医院康复科住院的皮质下脑梗死患者8例,在发病后1周始进行连续两个月的康复。在康复前、康复1,2个月时运用Brunnstrom分级、Caroll上肢功能量表(0￣100分,评分越高功能越好)对其手功能进行评价,并采用GEMR/iHiSpeed1.5超导磁共振扫描机进行磁共振成像功能激发检查。患者用病手执行简单运动(快速连续的拇指与其他各指的对指动作)、随意运动(用病手摸不同形状的木块),获得脑功能激发图像,观察脑内相关功能区的激活情况。结果:8例受试者均进入结果分析。①康复后所有患者Brunnstrom分级和Caroll上肢功能评分均较康复前有明显改善。②病手简单运动时脑内相关功能区的激活情况:8例受试者7例在损伤后早期手指不能对指,所以没有激活;M1,SMA,PMA脑区和小脑呈现单侧激活-双侧激活-单侧激活的变化过程;随着运动功能恢复,脑内激活数目随时间呈下降趋势,几乎接近正常人脑功能表现。③病手随意运动时脑内相关功能区的激活情况:实验中发现引起的运动相关功能区的激发情况变化多样,规律性较差,但其中5例受试者表现出损伤后激发数目明显减少,许多对运动起决定性支配作用的功能区亦不激活;随着运动功能恢复,激发区数目呈上升趋势,同损伤后简单运动的激活表现。结论:①脑卒中后病手经过康复治疗简单运动恢复较好,康复治疗2个月后脑内运动功能相关区域激活的规律已同正常人。②脑卒中后病手随意运动恢复较困难,康复治疗后不如简单运动恢复好,脑内相关运动功能区激活无明显的规律性。随着运动功能的恢复,脑内相应的运动功能区激活增多。     

定量组织速度成像技术评价阿霉素诱导兔心肌病模型：与常规经胸超声心动图比较

目的:采用定量组织速度成像技术评价阿霉素诱导兔心肌病模型,并与常规经胸超声心动图比较其评估优势。方法:实验于2005-06/2006-08在大连医科大学完成。①实验分组及处理:取纯种新西兰白兔22只,雌雄不限,随机分成阿霉素组12只,给予阿霉素每次2mg/kg,以1g/L耳缘静脉注射,每周1次,注射8周;对照组10只每周注射2mL/kg生理盐水,共8周。②实验评估:每周应用HPSonos5500型彩色多普勒超声诊断仪(美国Agilent公司生产)对两组兔心脏进行左室收缩末期和舒张末期内径明、室间隔厚度、E峰、射血分数、左室短轴缩短率等常规超声参数测量,使用GEVivid7型彩色多普勒超声诊断仪(美国GE公司生产)进行收缩期和舒张期峰值速度、收缩期加速度定量组织速度成像参数测定。结果:22只兔进入统计。①对照组1～12周各参数与阿霉素组基础状态下比较无明显差异(P>0.05)。②第4周阿霉素组二尖瓣环运动的平均收缩期和舒张期峰值速度、收缩期加速度较基础状态明显减低(P均<0.05)。③第7周阿霉素组二尖瓣环运动的收缩期和舒张期峰值速度、收缩期加速度较基础状态明显减低(P<0.01),E峰较基础状态明显减低(P<0.05)。④第8周阿霉素组二尖瓣环运动的收缩期和舒张期峰值速度、收缩期加速度较基础状态明显减低(P<0.01),E峰较基础状态明显减低(P<0.01),左室收缩末期和舒张末期内径明显增大(P<0.05)。⑤第12周阿霉素组二尖瓣环运动的收缩期和舒张期峰值速度、收缩期加速度较基础状态明显减低(P<0.01),左室收缩末期和舒张末期内径明显增大(P<0.01),室间隔厚度、左室后壁厚度明显变薄(P<0.05),射血分数、左室短轴缩短率和E峰明显减低(P<0.01)。结论:定量组织速度成像参数可有效评价阿霉素诱导心肌病模型兔心肌的病理变化,较常规超声参数更敏感。     

前列腺特异抗原研究进展与挑战(摘要)

前列腺特异抗原(ＰＳＡ)发现四分之一世纪以来,已成为诊断前列腺癌最有价值的肿瘤标志物。前列腺癌在男性癌症发病中占首位。自从80年代中期第一代检测ＰＳＡ的方法问世以来,前列腺癌的发病率有了显著改变。这部分归功于ＰＳＡ检测的增加,从而使前列腺癌得到早期诊断,这有利于将癌症控制在发病早期,增加治愈的可能性。虽然ＰＳＡ是一个有效的肿瘤标志物,并具有器官特异性,但其癌症特异性不高。ＰＳＡ升高也可见于其他良性前列腺疾病,尤其当ＰＳＡ浓度在4～10μｇ/Ｌ时。这个浓度范围被称为“诊断灰色区域”。对ＰＳＡ分子结构的研究主要集中…     

Study on liver injury models induced by CCl4 D-Gal and ANIT in mice

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Effects of sera from burn patients on human hepatocytic viscoelasticity

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