中西文化差异与旅游资料的翻译

目的:提高旅游资料翻译的质量,促进中国旅游业的进一步发展.方法:通过分析中西文化的主要差异和旅游资料翻译的特点,提出旅游资料翻译中的文化处理原则和具体的翻译技巧.结论:在具体的旅游翻译实践中,运用添加解释性语境信息、删减冗余信息、类比、再创造等方法,缩小文化差异,可成功地进行文化交流.     

Platelet-binding immunoglobulins in pregnancy-induced hypertension I. Platelet-associated IgM on fetal platelets: evidence of a fetal autoimmune reaction?

Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) can be complicated by maternal or fetal thrombocytopenia, or both. In order to investigate possible immunologic causes of these thrombocytopenias, platelet-associated IgG (PAIgG) and IgM (PAIgM) were measured in mothers with PIH and in their infants and compared with those from patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (ATP), a known immunodestructive platelet disorder. Many PIH patients (33.3%) and most ATP patients (68.1%) had elevated levels of maternal PAIgG. In both diseases, the amount of PAIgG was directly proportional with the degree of thrombocytopenia (r = 0.446 in PIH and R = 0.668 for ATP). But in neither disease did the degree of maternal thrombocytopenia correlate with the degree of neonatal thrombocytopenia (r = 0.153 for PIH and R = 0.175 for ATP). Umbilical cord samples from PIH patients contained PAIgG (53.3%) and PAIgM (53.8%), whereas the umbilical cord samples from ATP patients had elevated amounts of PAIgG but not PAIgM. PAIgM in the umbilical cord blood could not be accounted for by IgM rheumatoid factors, IgM-containing immune complexes, or non-specific adsorption because of elevated total IgM levels. The umbilical cord blood PAIgM was probably not of maternal origin because it was observed even when the maternal blood contained no PAIgM and maternal IgM is not normally transported transplacentally. Therefore, the PAIgM appears to be of fetal origin. These results suggest that both maternal and fetal immunologic mechanisms may be involved in PIH-induced thrombocytopenia; if so, this is one of the first reported examples of a possible fetal autoimmune response.     

Collagen 1Alpha1 and transforming growth factor-beta polymorphisms in women with cervical insufficiency

OBJECTIVE: To estimate whether polymorphisms in the collagen 1Alpha1 gene (COL1Alpha1) and the transforming growth factor-beta gene (TGF-beta;1) are more common in women with cervical insufficiency than in those without the condition. METHODS: Medical, obstetric, and family histories and blood were obtained from women with (n=121) and those without (n=165) cervical insufficiency. DNA was extracted and purified by using commercial DNA isolation kits. Samples were analyzed for variants in two genes, the COL1A1 intron 1SP1 and TGF-beta Arg-25-Pro polymorphism, by using an allele-specific polymerase chain reaction assay. RESULTS: Thirty-four of 125 (27.2%) women with cervical insufficiency had at least one first-degree female relative affected. The frequency of the homozygous TT genotype in the COL1A1 gene was increased in women with a history of cervical insufficiency compared with controls (10.8% compared with 3.1%, P=.04). The TGF-beta polymorphisms (ArgPro and ProPro) also were increased in cases (38.3% compared with 14.6%, P<.001). CONCLUSION: Over one fourth of women with cervical insufficiency have a family history of cervical insufficiency, and the COL1A1 intron 1SP1 and TGF-beta Arg-25-Pro polymorphisms are associated with the condition. These observations suggest that, in part, cervical insufficiency is mediated by genetic factors. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.     

中华医学会肾脏病学分会2007年血液净化论坛纪要

2007年5月31日至6月2日，中华医学会肾脏病学分会血液净化论坛在山东省济南市举行，来自全国各地的500余名代表参加了会议。本次论坛收到论文稿403篇，举行了9场大会报告、36场专题报告、3场卫星会议及23个口头报告。会议以透析并发症为主题，同时也对血液透析、腹膜透析及连续性肾脏替代治疗等进行了深人探讨。国内肾脏病学知名专家黎磊石院士、刘志红院士、陈香美教授等作了大会报告，着重阐述了血液净化领域当前面临的主要问题及发展趋势。大会还邀请国际肾脏病学专家Swans教授作了连续性肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）进展的专题报告，以及心血管病专家张运院士作了动脉粥样硬化斑块易损性研究进展的专题报告。     

Frontotemporal dementia: clinicopathological correlations

OBJECTIVE: Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is characterized by impairments in social, behavioral, and/or language function, but postmortem studies indicate that multiple neuropathological entities lead to FTLD. This study assessed whether specific clinical features predict the underlying pathology. METHODS: A clinicopathological correlation was performed on 90 consecutive patients with a pathological diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia and was compared with an additional 24 cases accrued during the same time period with a clinical diagnosis of FTLD, but with pathology not typically associated with frontotemporal dementia. RESULTS: Postmortem examination showed multiple pathologies including tauopathies (46%), FTLD with ubiquitin-positive inclusions (29%), and Alzheimer's disease (17%). The pathological groups manifested some distinct demographic, clinical, and neuropsychological features, although these attributes showed only a statistical association with the underlying pathology. FTLD with ubiquitin-positive inclusions was more likely to present with both social and language dysfunction, and motor neuron disease was more likely to emerge in these patients. Tauopathies were more commonly associated with an extrapyramidal disorder. Alzheimer's disease was associated with relatively greater deficits in memory and executive function. INTERPRETATION: Clinical and neuropsychological features contribute to delineating the spectrum of pathology underlying a patient diagnosed with FTLD, but biomarkers are needed that, together with the clinical phenotype, can predict the underlying neuropathology.     

中国肺移植供肺获取与保护技术规范(2019版)

自2016年我国设立人体器官转运绿色通道后,供肺转运过程得到保障。随着供肺保存技术的进步,供肺可耐受冷缺血时间也显著延长。目前,肺移植供者质控的难点在于如何降低由于供肺维护不当造成的弃用率以及如何有效解决供者来源性感染。同时,各捐献医院对器官的维护经验与技术水平参差不齐。为进一步规范肺移植供肺获取与保护技术,中华医学会器官移植学分会组织肺移植专家,总结国内外相关研究最新进展,并结合国际指南和临床实践,针对肺移植供肺选择、获取和保护,制订中国肺移植供肺获取与保护技术规范(2019版)。     

中国肺移植术操作规范(2019版)

肺移植是治疗多种终末期肺疾病的有效方法,术后受者可长期存活,生存质量得到明显改善。为进一步规范肺移植术的操作,中华医学会器官移植学分会组织肺移植专家,总结国内外相关研究最新进展,结合国际指南和临床实践,针对肺移植重要操作步骤及常用术式的操作要点、程序和方法,以及活体肺叶移植和再次肺移植特殊操作,制订中国肺移植术操作规范(2019版)。     

中国肺移植术后并发症诊疗和随访技术规范(2019版)

肺移植是治疗多数终末期肺疾病的唯一有效手段,但是肺移植术后各种并发症,包括原发性移植物功能障碍、急性排斥反应、慢性移植物失功和感染等,仍然是限制肺移植受者术后早期和长期存活的主要障碍。此外,受者术后经常发生高血压、高脂血症、癌症、慢性肾病、骨质疏松症和糖尿病等并发症。为进一步规范肺移植术后并发症的诊断和治疗,中华医学会器官移植学分会组织肺移植专家,总结国内外相关研究最新进展,结合国际指南和临床实践,制订中国肺移植术后并发症诊疗和随访技术规范(2019版)。     

介入诊疗围手术期抗生素使用专家共识

【摘要】 介入手术的微创操作极大地减少了对机体自身及其防御系统的损伤,但同样也存在将致病菌引入机体导致感染的可能。除了无菌操作规范化,合理规范地使用抗生素是保障介入诊疗安全的关键因素之一。因此,在2013年《介入放射科抗菌药物使用指南（草案）》基础上,参考国内外文献并结合临床实践撰写本共识。本共识定义了介入手术相关感染概念,规范了无菌操作要求,基于外科感染对介入手术进行分级,提出抗生素使用原则,并对临床常规开展的介入手术提出抗生素使用一般建议,以期促进介入诊疗围手术期抗生素合理使用,达到减少医源性感染、保障介入诊疗安全的目的。