小儿支气管哮喘中药新药临床试验设计与评价技术指南

《儿科常见疾病中药新药临床试验设计与评价技术指南》是中华中医药学会儿科分会临床评价学组制定的、指导儿科中药Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期临床试验和上市后有效性再评价方案设计的、具有病种特色的系列临床评价技术指南, 旨在推动儿科中药临床试验设计与评价水平的提高, 并为临床提供安全有效的儿童用药。采用世界卫生组织(WHO)推荐的“共识会议法”和美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)发展共识方案(GPP)有关原则, 国内全部18个国家药物临床试验机构中医儿科专业的临床儿科专家以及国内相关临床评价专家参加了急性上呼吸道感染、急性支气管炎、支气管哮喘、反复呼吸道感染、厌食、轮状病毒性肠炎、注意缺陷-多动障碍、抽动障碍、遗尿症、手足口病、湿疹11个儿科常见病种指南的起草或多次提出修改建议, 历经3年反复完善, 最终形成共识, 并由中华中医药学会儿科分会于2013年10月发布。本指南从研究背景、研究目标、总体设计、诊断标准、受试者的选择、给药方案、安全性评价、有效性评价、试验流程、数据管理与统计分析、质量保证、相关伦理学要求、试验结束后的医疗措施、资料保存等方面阐述了小儿支气管哮喘中药新药临床试验的设计与评价技术要点, 期望能为申办者与研究者在临床试验方案设计中提供指导。     

小儿湿疹局部用中药新药临床试验设计与评价技术指南

《儿科常见疾病中药新药临床试验设计与评价技术指南》是中华中医药学会儿科分会临床评价学组制定的、指导儿科中药Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期临床试验和上市后有效性再评价方案设计的、具有病种特色的系列临床评价技术指南,旨在推动儿科中药临床试验设计与评价水平的提高,并为临床提供安全有效的儿童用药。采用世界卫生组织(WHO)推荐的“共识会议法”和美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)发展共识方案(GPP)有关原则,国内全部18 个国家药物临床试验机构中医儿科专业的临床儿科专家以及国内相关临床评价专家参加了急性上呼吸道感染、急性支气管炎、支气管哮喘、反复呼吸道感染、厌食、轮状病毒性肠炎、注意缺陷-多动障碍、抽动障碍、遗尿症、手足口病、湿疹11 个儿科常见病种指南的起草或多次提出修改建议,历经3 年反复完善,最终形成共识,并由中华中医药学会儿科分会于2013 年10 月发布。本指南从研究背景、研究目标、总体设计、诊断标准、受试者的选择、给药方案、安全性评价、有效性评价、试验流程、数据管理与统计分析、质量保证、相关伦理学要求、试验结束后的医疗措施、资料保存等方面阐述了小儿湿疹中药新药临床试验的设计与评价技术要点,期望能为申办者与研究者在临床试验方案设计中提供指导。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病铜绿假单孢菌感染的药敏分析

目的 回顾分析慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)379株铜绿假单孢菌感染药敏监测资料，为临床经验性治疗参考。方法 收集住院COPD病人下呼吸道痰标本培养、采用K～B低电扩散法对379株分离的铜绿假单孢菌进行药敏试验。结果 其耐药从低到高前10位依次为哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、阿米卡星、美洛西林、头孢吡肟、妥布霉素、亚胺培南、奈替米星、环丙沙星、头孢他啶、哌拉西林。结论 铜绿假单孢菌在COPD肺感染中有重要地位，从亚胺培南、头孢他啶对其抗菌活性下降说明，要重视病原学的检查，药敏检测，根据药敏合理选用抗生素。     

Phenobarbital influences the development of sodium retention in liver disease induced by bile duct ligation in the rat

The onset of sodium retention in phenobarbital/carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhosis in rats is preceded by a linear decrease in hepatic function as assessed by the aminopyrine rate constant of elimination. Sodium retention occurs when liver function decreases below a critical aminopyrine rate constant of elimination threshold of 1 min-1 x 10(-3). The objective of this study was to investigate this relationship in a different experimental model of cirrhosis in rats and to learn whether alteration of drug-metabolizing activity by hepatic enzyme induction changes the threshold for urinary sodium retention. Cirrhosis was induced in untreated and phenobarbital-treated rats by bile duct excision. Liver function, assessed by the aminopyrine breath test, and urinary sodium excretion on a constant salt diet were measured weekly for up to 4 wk. In untreated rats, the aminopyrine breath test rate constant of elimination was reduced by about 40% within 1 wk of surgery. Aminopyrine rate constant of elimination then decreased more slowly, but linearly. Urinary sodium excretion was initially unchanged, but sodium retention occurred after 2.5 wk and was maintained until the end of the experiment. Phenobarbital-treated rats had greater initial aminopyrine rate constant of elimination, but we saw a similar fall in aminopyrine rate constant of elimination of about 40% within 1 wk of bile duct excision to a value still above baseline aminopyrine rate constant of elimination of untreated controls. Aminopyrine rate constant of elimination remained at a plateau for 3.5 wk without changes in urinary sodium excretion. After 3.5 wk, a sudden decrease in aminopyrine rate constant of elimination was associated with the sudden onset of sodium retention.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The development of cellular immunity to Epstein-Barr virus after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

Epstein-Barr virus-induced lymphoproliferative disease (EBV-LPD) is a potentially lethal complication during the first 6 months after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). To determine whether deficiencies of EBV-specific cellular immunity contribute to EBV-LPD susceptibility and distinguish patients at risk, we performed limiting dilution analysis to quantify anti-EBV cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursor (CTLp) frequencies in 26 recipients of unmodified or T-cell-depleted (TCD) grafts from EBV-seropositive donors. At 3 months post-BMT (n = 26), only five patients had EBV CTLp frequencies in the range of seropositive normal controls, irrespective of the type of transplant administered. By 6 months post-BMT, 9 of 13 patients tested had EBV CTLp frequencies within the normal range. The time period in which these patients had deficient cellular immunity to EBV corresponds to the period in which we have observed EBV-LPD in most prior patients. One patient with a low EBV CTLp frequency at 4 months post-BMT developed an EBV-LPD. Within 2 weeks of receiving an infusion of donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) providing less than 1,200 EBV- specific cytotoxic T-cell precursors, populations of EBV-specific CTL in the circulation were restored to levels detected in normal seropositive adults. Concurrently, the patient achieved a regression of the EBV-LPD, which has been sustained without further therapy. These studies indicate that recipients of both unmodified and TCD marrow grafts have profound deficiencies of EBV-specific T cell-mediated immunity early posttransplant, and that the period of risk for EBV-LPD closely corresponds to this interval of severe deficiency. Treatment of one patient with EBV-LPD with marrow donor-derived PBMC induced a rapid expansion of EBV-specific cytotoxic T-cell populations that occurred contemporaneously with the clinical regression of disease.     

An inhibitory monoclonal antibody to factor X that blocks prothrombin activation but not prothrombinase enzyme assembly

A monoclonal antibody (designated alpha BFX-2b) prepared against bovine factor X inhibited factor X activity in human, bovine, porcine, rabbit, and canine plasma. In assays using purified prothrombinase components, factor Xa, factor Va, phospholipid vesicles, and calcium ion with the fluorescent active site thrombin inhibitor dansylarginyl-N-(3-ethyl-1,5- pentanediyl)amide, the antibody inhibited the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. Antibody alpha BFX-2b also blocked prothrombinase cleavage of the macromolecular substrates prethrombin 1 and prethrombin 2 but did not inhibit factor Xa hydrolysis of the synthetic substrate benzoyl- Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-p-nitroanilide. The antibody also prevented the inactivation of factor Xa by antithrombin III but did not prevent the inactivation by soybean trypsin inhibitor. Antibody alpha BFX-2b bound factor Xa with a stoichiometry of 1:1 and an apparent dissociation constant of 9.0 x 10(-11) mol/L as estimated from its inhibition of prothrombinase activity. Antibody alpha BFX-2b did not prevent binding of factor Xa to factor Va-phospholipid as measured by using fluorescence polarization or high-pressure liquid gel chromatography with the fluorescent Factor Xa analogue dansyl-glutamyl-glycyl-arginyl- Xa. Immunoblotting of factor X following electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gels and transfer to nitrocellulose indicated that the antigenic determinant recognized by antibody alpha BFX-2b was found on the heavy chain of factors X and Xa. From these observations it can be concluded that antibody alpha BFX-2b recognizes a highly conserved epitope on the factor X heavy chain that is remote from the topographic sites required for prothrombinase complex assembly and substrate hydrolysis but may be located at or near a portion of the macromolecular substrate binding site.     

Molecular profiling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis identifies tuberculosinyl nucleoside products of the virulence-associated enzyme Rv3378c

To identify lipids with roles in tuberculosis disease, we systematically compared the lipid content of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis with the attenuated vaccine strain Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guérin. Comparative lipidomics analysis identified more than 1,000 molecular differences, including a previously unknown, Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific lipid that is composed of a diterpene unit linked to adenosine. We established the complete structure of the natural product as 1-tuberculosinyladenosine (1-TbAd) using mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. A screen for 1-TbAd mutants, complementation studies, and gene transfer identified Rv3378c as necessary for 1-TbAd biosynthesis. Whereas Rv3378c was previously thought to function as a phosphatase, these studies establish its role as a tuberculosinyl transferase and suggest a revised biosynthetic pathway for the sequential action of Rv3377c-Rv3378c. In agreement with this model, recombinant Rv3378c protein produced 1-TbAd, and its crystal structure revealed a cis-prenyl transferase fold with hydrophobic residues for isoprenoid binding and a second binding pocket suitable for the nucleoside substrate. The dual-substrate pocket distinguishes Rv3378c from classical cis-prenyl transferases, providing a unique model for the prenylation of diverse metabolites. Terpene nucleosides are rare in nature, and 1-TbAd is known only in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Thus, this intersection of nucleoside and terpene pathways likely arose late in the evolution of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex; 1-TbAd serves as an abundant chemical marker of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the extracellular export of this amphipathic molecule likely accounts for the known virulence-promoting effects of the Rv3378c enzyme.With a mortality rate exceeding 1.5 million deaths annually, Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains one of the world''s most important pathogens (1). M. tuberculosis succeeds as a pathogen because of productive infection of the endosomal network of phagocytes. Its residence within the phagosome protects it from immune responses during its decades long infection cycle. However, intracellular survival depends on active inhibition of pH-dependent killing mechanisms, which occurs for M. tuberculosis but not species with low disease-causing potential (2). Intracellular survival is also enhanced by an unusually hydrophobic and multilayered protective cell envelope. Despite study of this pathogen for more than a century, the spectrum of natural lipids within M. tuberculosis membranes is not yet fully defined. For example, the products of many genes annotated as lipid synthases remain unknown (3), and mass spectrometry detects hundreds of ions that do not correspond to known lipids in the MycoMass and LipidDB databases (4, 5).To broadly compare the lipid profiles of virulent and avirulent mycobacteria, we took advantage of a recently validated metabolomics platform (4). This high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) system uses methods of extraction, chromatography, and databases that are specialized for mycobacteria. After extraction of total bacterial lipids into organic solvents, HPLC-MS enables massively parallel detection of thousands of ions corresponding to diverse lipids that range from apolar polyketides to polar phosphoglycolipids. Software-based (XCMS) ion finding algorithms report reproducibly detected ions as molecular features. Each feature is a 3D data point with linked mass, retention time, and intensity values from one detected molecule or isotope. All features with equivalent mass and retention time from two bacterial lipid extracts are aligned, allowing pairwise comparisons of MS signal intensity to enumerate molecules that are overproduced in one strain with a false-positive rate below 1% (4).This comparative lipidomics system allowed an unbiased, organism-wide analysis of lipids from M. tuberculosis and the attenuated vaccine strain, Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG). BCG was chosen because of its worldwide use as a vaccine and its genetic similarity to M. tuberculosis (6). We reasoned that any features that are specifically detected in M. tuberculosis might be clinically useful as markers to distinguish tuberculosis-causing bacteria from vaccines. Furthermore, given the differing potential for productive infection by the two strains, any M. tuberculosis-specific compounds would be candidate virulence factors. Comparative genomics of M. tuberculosis and BCG successfully identified “regions of deletion” (RD) that encode genes that were subsequently proven to promote productive M. tuberculosis infection (7), including the 6-kDa early secreted antigenic target (ESAT-6) secretion system-1 (ESX-1) (8, 9). We reasoned that a metabolite-based screen might identify new virulence factors because not all functions of RD genes are known. Also, biologically important metabolites could emerge from complex biosynthetic pathways that cannot be predicted from single-gene analysis.Comparison of M. tuberculosis and BCG lipid profiles revealed more than 1,000 differences, among which we identified a previously unknown M. tuberculosis-specific diterpene-linked adenosine and showed that it is produced by the enzyme Rv3378c. Previously, Rv3378c was thought to generate free tuberculosinol and isotuberculosinol (10–12). This discovery revises the enzymatic function of Rv3378c, which acts as a virulence factor to inhibit phagolysosome fusion (13). Whereas current models of prenyl transferase function emphasize iterative lengthening of prenyl pyrophosphates using one binding pocket, the crystal structure of Rv3378c identifies two pockets in the catalytic site, establishing a mechanism for heterologous prenyl transfer to nonprenyl metabolites.     

创面修复科护士职业标准的全国专家共识

创面修复科是一门新兴学科,目前尚没有护士职业标准。为更好地规范和加强创面修复科护士队伍的能力和体系建设,中国老年医学学会烧创伤分会、中国医师协会中国创面修复科标准化建设专家委员会、全国创面修复专科联盟组织国内专家,从术语和定义、通用条件、职业要求、技能要求、培训要求、考试考核及颁证等方面,撰写了创面修复科护士职业标准的全国专家共识,供全国同行参考。