Comparing the validity of clinician-generated diagnosis of conduct disorder to the diagnostic interview schedule for children.

Clinician diagnoses of conduct disorder (CD) were compared to the diagnoses of CD generated by a structured interview against an observed criterion. Participants were 534 youth from a large residential program in the Midwest for delinquent youth. Rates of in-program CD behaviors were gathered from staff observations of the youth over a 9-month time period. Youth diagnosed with CD by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC) displayed significantly more CD behaviors in the first 6 months of treatment compared to both youth without an externalizing disorder and youth diagnosed with CD by a clinician. Youth diagnosed with CD by a clinician had rates of CD identical to youth without an externalizing disorder. Clinicians may have weighted contextual information more heavily, as this group was significantly more likely to have an arrest record. Results support the use of structured interviews and provide evidence that typical clinician diagnoses may lack adequate validity.     

Bottlefeeding with a Breast-like Nipple

Forty normal one-month-old infants were randomly assigned to a breast-like nipple (Healthflow) bottlefeeding or a standard nipple (Evenflo) bottlefeeding group for one 20-minute feeding by the infants' mothers. The data suggested that the mothers' bottlefeeding behaviors did not differ, but the infants who fed on the breast-like nipples spent less time asleep, more time awake and active and less time fussing and crying. In addition, the vagal tone of that group decreased more during bottlefeeding and increased more after the feeding, suggesting that the breast-like nipple bottlefeedings were more similar to breastfeedings (vagal tone being lower during breastfeeding and higher after breastfeeding versus bottlefeeding). Because many women who breastfeed return to work, bottlefeeding that more closely approximate breastfeedings may ease this transition and may provide more effective supplemental feedings for the breastfed infants.     

Source agreement in assessing youth stress and negative affectivity: New evidence for an old problem

The present study examined dichotomies potentially relevant to parentchild and interparent agreement in the assessment of internalizing problems in youngsters. Specifically, 98 children and their parents completed the Daily Life Stressors Scale or a variant to examine child ratings of daily stress, parent ratings of their children's daily stress, and parent predictions of how their children would self-rate their stress. In addition, a distinction was made between subscores of negative affectivity and stressful life events. Results indicated moderate parent-child and interparent agreement, with the latter somewhat more influenced by a negative affectivity-stressful events dichotomy. Parent-child agreement appeared more enhanced for items involving more parental contact. Implications of these data for future research are discussed.     

Cortical Distribution of Eeg Activity for Component Processes During Mental Rotation

Alpha power (8–12 Hz) was monitored over the frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes of the left and right cerebral hemispheres while participants mentally rotated three-dimensional shapes to match a specified target. By comparing the activational patterns generated during three experimental conditions, each designed to systematically isolate the involvement of the various subcomponents comprising this mental rotation task, it was suggested that the right frontal lobe mediates encoding and comparison/decision processes, while the left parietal and the left temporal region appear most involved in the generation of images and their mental rotation. A preliminary model describing the cooperative interaction of these cortical regions during mental rotation tasks is proposed.     

Clinical features of bipolar disorder with and without comorbid diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: Several papers have reported higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 in patients suffering from bipolar disorder (BD). The possible links between these 2 disorders include treatment, lifestyle, alterations in signal transduction, and possibly, a genetic link. To study this relation more closely, we investigated whether there are any differences in the clinical characteristics of BD patients with and without DM. METHOD: We compared the clinical data of 26 diabetic and 196 nondiabetic subjects from The Maritime Bipolar Registry. Subjects were aged 15 to 82 years, with psychiatric diagnoses of BD I (n = 151), BD II (n = 65), and BD not otherwise specified (n = 6). The registry included basic demographic data and details on the clinical course of bipolar illness, its treatment, and physical comorbidity. In a subsequent analysis using logistic regression, we examined the variables showing differences between groups, with diabetes as an outcome variable. RESULTS: The prevalence of DM in our sample was 11.7% (n = 26). Diabetic patients were significantly older than nondiabetic patients (P < 0.001), had higher rates of rapid cycling (P = 0.02) and chronic course of BD (P = 0.006), scored lower on the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (P = 0.01), were more often on disability for BD (P < 0.001), and had higher body mass index (P < 0.001) and increased frequency of hypertension (P = 0.003). Lifetime history of treatment with antipsychotics was not significantly associated with an elevated risk of diabetes (P = 0.16); however, the data showed a trend toward more frequent use of antipsychotic medication among diabetic subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the diagnosis of DM in BD patients is relevant for their prognosis and outcome.     

Medication compliance in elderly people: influencing variables and interventions

This paper describes a study in which 70 elderly patients were assessed for risk factors in their medication regimen They were separated into three study groups, including two levels of teaching intervention focused on the home medication administration system, and a control group The intervention utilizing a follow-up telephone call demonstrated a significant change in risk-related behaviours such as verbalization of the regimen, congruence between instructions and usage of medications, and taking of medicines not currently prescribed or over-the-counter     

Clinical trial of a prevention and treatment protocol for skin breakdown in two nursing homes.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to assess the effectiveness of skin care protocols, including a body wash and skin protectant, on skin breakdown in 2 nursing homes. DESIGN: This was a quasi-experimental pretest/posttest design study.Setting and subjects Adult residents (n = 136) of 2 skilled nursing homes consented to participate in this study. Seventy percent were women; the sample average age of 82 years. INSTRUMENTS: A researcher-designed data recording form documented resident demographics, incidence and type of skin breakdown or pressure ulcer, presence of urinary or fecal incontinence, and assessment of the effectiveness of body wash and skin protectant. METHODS: Baseline data on prevalence of pressure ulcers and skin protocol were collected weekly for a 3-month period followed by a week-long educational program by the researchers about skin care and the body wash and skin protectant. During the 3-month trial with the body wash and skin protectant incorporated into routine care, research assistants recorded resident data weekly and researchers again assessed prevalence and incidence of pressure ulcers and skin breakdown weekly. RESULTS: Incorporation of a body wash and skin protectant into a skin care prevention and early intervention protocol in 2 nursing homes documented a decrease in skin breakdowns from 68 pre-intervention to 40 postintervention; the decrease in agency B was statistically significant. There was a statistically significant decrease in stage I and II pressure ulcer incidence overall (pre-intervention = 19.9%, postintervention = 8.1%). Nurses evaluated the body wash and skin protectant as effective for 98% of the time used. CONCLUSION: Implementation of a protocol for skin care along with staff education, including the prophylactic use of a body wash and skin protectant, reduced the incidence of skin breakdown, including pressure ulcers and perineal dermatitis, in 2 long-term care facilities.     

Diagnosis and evaluation of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Although some areas of adult ADHD knowledge remain unclear, there isa strong sense of how to proceed with diagnosis using current DSM-IV criteria as a guide. Thorough clinical interview, aided by the use of rating scales for current symptoms and collateral information about childhood from parents or siblings, forms the backbone of the assessment. The poor psychosocial outcomes of patients with ADHD. often a consequence of unrecognized,untreated disorder manifestation, also can serve as a diagnostic indicator. Diagnostic and symptom assessment scales also can be a significant helpin diagnosing and establishing the symptoms of ADHD in adults. It is important to remember that according to DSM-IV, the cardinal criteria for making the diagnosis are the presence of sufficient current symptoms and impairment in two realms (home, school/work, and social interactions). Accordingly, adult ADHD remains a clinical diagnosis, and the clinician-administered interview remains the cornerstone of diagnostic evaluation.     

Proteasome inhibitor model of Parkinson's disease in mice is confounded by neurotoxicity of the ethanol vehicle.

Defects in the ubiquitin-proteasome system have been implicated in Parkinson's Disease (PD). Recently, a rat model of PD was developed using a synthetic proteasome inhibitor (PSI), (Z-lle-Glu(OtBu)-Ala-Leu-al). We attempted to transfer this model to mouse studies, where genetics can be more readily investigated due to the availability of genetically modified mice. We treated C57BL/6 (B6) mice with six intraperitoneal injections of 6 mg/kg PSI in 50 mul of 70% ethanol over a 2-week-period. We found significant decreases in nigrostriatal dopamine in PSI-treated mice compared with saline-treated mice. However, we observed similar decreases in the ethanol-treated vehicle control group. Administration of ethanol alone led to significant long-term alterations in dopamine levels. Ethanol significantly eclipses the effects of PSI in the dopamine system, and therefore is a confounding vehicle for this model.     

Advances in the localization of epileptic loci for surgical resection

Patients with epilepsy have traditionally been treated medically, but medical management alone has frequently been insufficient in patients with intractable complex partial seizures. Surgery provides an alternative for optimum seizure control. Up to this time, however, successful surgical outcomes relied upon invasive techniques such as depth and subdural electrodes. On the forefront of research in neuroimaging are two new noninvasive techniques already showing impressive results in cerebral localization. Positron emission tomography (PET), which is based on cerebral glucose utilization, identifies hypometabolic regions correlating with epileptiform loci. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging uses magnetic fields to produce cerebral images. MR may detect structural lesions not found by other diagnostic tests. These two advances, in conjunction with conventional diagnostic testing, provide valuable data regarding the localization of epileptiform loci. The nurse's expertise and support for the patient throughout the diagnostic and perioperative phase are demonstrated in a case study.