Relaxation Therapy and Compliance in the Treatment of Adolescent Headache

SYNOPSIS
Few controlled studies have examined the effectiveness of relaxation therapy for the treatment of adolescent headaches. In this study, ten chronic headache sufferers (migraine or muscle contraction), ranging in age from 12 to 17 years (M = 13.5 SD = 1.3), were sequentially assigned to either a relaxation therapy or waiting-list control group. Following treatment, subjects in the treatment group demonstrated significantly lower Headache Index scores than subjects in the control group (U = 0, p £ .004). Group differences in Headache Free Days, Peak Headache Rating, and Medication Index scores were not significant; differences in Medication Index scores approached significance at U = 3, p £ .03. Objective compliance to treatment data indicated subjects overreported their actual practice time, on average, by 70%. Results and implications for future research are discussed.     

Sister-Sister in vitro fertilization surrogate pregnancy with donor sperm: The case for surrogate gestational pregnancy

A case of surrogate pregnancy is described in the sister of a 40-year-old hysterectomized woman where two oocytes of the latter were fertilized in vitro with known donor sperm and transferred into the surrogate. A normal singleton pregnancy developed which was complicated after 24 weeks of gestation with recurrent antepartum hemorrhages due to grade 3 placenta praevia. A healthy female baby was delivered by elective cesarean section at 36 weeks of gestation. The legal, social, psychological, and ethical issues of surrogacy remain unsettled and are discussed in this case report.     

Technology anxiety as a potential mediating factor in response to medical technology

Technology anxiety, defined as a fear of working with medical equipment, was measured via the use of the Technology Response Questionnaire. Nurses (N=414) working on nine types of nursing units at two hospitals participated in the study. Nurses working on psychiatric units were found to be most anxious about working with medical equipment, while nurses working on surgical and adult intensive care units were least anxious. A comparison of the nurses who were highest and lowest on technology anxiety indicated that those who were most anxious about technology were less positive toward computers, felt more stressed by their work, were lower on job satisfaction, less positive toward the physicians they worked with, lower on personality scales of autonomy and adaptability, were less likely to do care planning regularly or to use nursing diagnoses, and tended to be older than less anxious nurses.     

Improvement in mammography interpretation skills in a community radiology practice after dedicated teaching courses: 2-year medical audit of 38,633 cases.

The authors conducted a complete audit of results of 38,633 mammographic examinations performed by 12 general radiologists during a 2-year period with a computerized reporting system. During this period, 11 group members attended 17 dedicated mammography courses. Audit results were analyzed for each radiologist and the entire group. In the 2nd year, the number of breast cancers diagnosed increased 50% (from 121 to 181), with a 6.5% increase in patient volume. Sensitivity increased from 80% to 87%, and there was no change in the positive predictive value of 32%. Median tumor size and node positivity decreased. Most major variables of population and technical factors were unchanged. Diagnostic approach was altered during the 2nd year, as shown by a 50% increase in the use of spot compression, magnification views, and sonography. Analysis of each radiologist's performance before and after attending mammography courses showed similar changes. These data suggest that dedicated mammography courses can help improve radiologists' performance and alter their interpretive approach.     

Effects of physical activity on some components of the skeletal system.

Sporting activities impose on the skeletal system forces of a high intensity and frequency. Ligaments, bone and tendons behave in a time-dependent load-extension fashion, and it is important for both scientists and clinicians to consider, for example, the alterations in failure properties shown by ligaments, tendons and bone at different rates of deformation. Whether the ability of the skeletal system to withstand stress can be improved with appropriate training is still controversial. The effects of physical exercise depend on the modality, intensity and duration with which the exercise itself is performed. Moreover, genetic factors, also influencing growth and hormonal status, may exert a significant influence on the response of a given tissue to an external load. Overloading may cause a lesion, and this may decrease or annihilate performance capability. The skeletal system may not be resistant enough, and so it may prove limiting to intensive physical activity. In vitro studies on resistance of a single tissue have not taken into consideration the specific resistance of that structure in vivo, and the results so obtained cannot be readily extrapolated to sporting activities, as in vivo muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and cartilage act as one. This article reviews some of the possible beneficial and detrimental effects of intense exercise on various components of the skeletal system, focusing on its ability to withstand and adapt to stresses and allow maximal performance.     

Bilateral cerebellopontine angle tumors in neurofibromatosis type 2

In a series of over 500 cases of cerebellopontine angle tumors, 19 patients had bilateral neurinomas. Four of these tumors arose from the facial rather than the acoustic nerve. A conservative policy regarding surgery had been adopted in an effort to prevent hearing loss for as long as possible. Nevertheless, all patients operated on in this series are now totally deaf. The results of managing these patients surgically and conservatively are discussed.     

ALS and SAD-like nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit genes are widely distributed in insects

Segments of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α sub-unit genes have been isolated from a panel of insect species by polymerase chain reaction, using degenerate oligonucleotide primers designed to recognize conserved regions of the Drosophila melanogaster ALS and SAO genes. The amplified segments encode elements of typical a-subunits anticipated to play roles in ligand binding and ion channel formation. Each is also clearly either ALS or SAD-like. The predicted protein sequences display extremely high levels of conservation (over 85% for each subtype) even though derived from very distantly related insect species.     

Acute renal failure in bone marrow transplantation.

Acute renal failure (ARF) is a serious complication in clients who have undergone bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The majority of cases develop as a result of intrarenal damage. Renal ischemia or nephrotoxic drugs, free hemoglobin, and free myoglobin contribute to acute tubular necrosis (ATN), which is the most likely cause of ARF in BMT clients. Nursing care of hospitalized BMT clients is directed toward the prevention of ARF by identifying clients who are at risk, the early diagnosis of renal impairment, and the administration of comprehensive treatment. Nurses play a vital role in the early diagnosis of renal impairment by assessing the client's fluid status, serum and urine electrolyte levels, and daily weights. The nursing role in managing clients with ARF includes preventing drug nephrotoxicity, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, preventing infection, and providing emotional support.     

Influence of menstrual cycle, parity and oral contraceptive use on steroid hormone receptors in normal breast.

Steroid receptor was assessed immunohistochemically in 158 samples of normal breast for variation through the menstrual cycle. Patterns and intensity of reaction were used in a semi-quantitative scoring system to examine the influence of cycle phase, cycle type, parity and age. The changes in oestrogen receptor for natural cycle and oral contraceptive (OC) cycles indicated down-regulation by progestins. Progesterone receptor did not vary significantly in natural cycles, but increased steadily through OC cycles. This study provides strong evidence that both oestrogen and progesterone influence breast epithelium, but dissimilarities from the endometrium are apparent. The interval since pregnancy had a significant negative effect on frequency and score of oestrogen receptor and score of progesterone receptor. Multivariate analysis established the phase of cycle and OC use as independent significant influences on oestrogen receptor. The interval since pregnancy was an independent significant factor for both oestrogen and progesterone receptor presence.     

Drinking History Is Related to Persistent Blood Pressure Dysregulation in Postwithdrawal Alcoholics

We have previously demonstrated that alcoholics with transitory (< 72 hr) elevations in blood pressure (BP) during withdrawal continue to show residual cardiovascular dysregulation up to 4 weeks of abstinence. The present study replicates and extends these findings. Alcoholic inpatients were divided into three subgroups ( ns = 14) based on BP during the first 72 hr of withdrawal: transitory hypertensives (tHTs; BP > 160/95 mm Hg), transitory borderline hypertensives (tBHs; 140/90 BP < 160/95), and normotensives (NTs; all BPs < 140/90). All patients had normal resting pressures after 72 hr of withdrawal. At 3–4 weeks postadmission, the alcoholics and 14 nonalcoholic controls (CONTs) were tested at rest and during a 5-min handgrip task. The tHTs showed an exaggerated systolic and diastolic BP response to handgrip compared with NTs and CONTs, with tBHs intermediate ( ps < 0.05). Drinking history showed the tHTs had the highest reported level of alcohol consumption and severity of withdrawal symptoms ( ps < 0.05). Regression analyses indicated that consumption of hard liquor was the variable most predictive of admission BPs; further, parental history of hypertension potentiated this relationship for systolic BP. Age and consumption of nicotine and caffeine were not significant predictors of admission BP. The results suggest a persistent cardiovascular dysregulation in alcoholics showing transient hypertensive withdrawal BPs. These alcoholics may be at increased risk for future alcohol-related cardiovascular disorder.