Policies and Practices Related to Breastfeeding in Massachusetts: Hospital Implementation of the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding1

Background: Hospital policies and practices related to breastfeeding may have long-term health effects. The Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding (WHO/UNICEF) provide an evidence-based standard, which may be used to assess individual hospitals. We assessed implementation, and factors related to implementation, of the Ten Steps in Massachusetts hospitals. Methods: We surveyed postpartum nurse managers at 43 (88%) of the 49 Massachusetts maternity hospitals by telephone. Survey items characterized hospital policies, breastfeeding education, and support practices. We classified hospital implementation of the Ten Steps as high, moderately high, partial, or low and used Massachusetts Department of Public Health hospital data to analyze factors related to implementation. Results: Levels of implementation of the Ten Steps ranged from high to partial. Overall, we classified implementation of 2% of hospitals as high, 58% moderately high, 40% partial, and 0% as low. Hospitals with high/moderately high levels of implementation significantly differed from hospitals with partial implementation with respect to pacifier usage (p=0.0017) and postpartum breastfeeding instruction (p=0.0001). Requirement of a physician order for formula was a statistically significant (p=0.02) predictor of Step 1 implementation but did not reach significance (p=0.14) overall. Acceptance of free formula was significantly associated (p=0.03) with overall Ten Steps implementation. Conclusion: Rates of self-reported implementation of the Ten Steps are relatively high in Massachusetts. Step 1 implementation is significantly associated with formula availability, and overall implementation with acceptance of free formula. Continued assessment is needed to confirm these results in larger samples and to examine the relationship of implementation of individual steps, breastfeeding rates, and health outcomes.Tarayn Grizzard is a 6th-year medical student pursuing a combined MD/MPH program at the Harvard Medical School and the Harvard School of Public Health. Melissa Bartick is an attending internist at Cambridge Health Alliance and an Instructor in Medicine at Harvard Medical School. She is chair of the Massachusetts Breastfeeding Coalition. Margaret Nikolov and Beth Ann Griffin are PhD candidates in the Department of Biostatistics at the Harvard School of Public Health. Kimberly Lee is an Assistant Professor of Pediatrics at the Harvard Medical School and the Medical Co-Director (Pediatrics) of Lactation Service at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, where she is also the Associate Director of the Newborn Nursery and an attending neonatologist.     

Growth and Development of a Hospital-based Lactation Program and Mother's Own Milk Bank

This article describes the development and characteristics of a hospital-based lactation program and mother's own milk bank in a large pediatric hospital in the southwestern United States. Professional and technical staffing, physical space of the milk bank area, and the program's services and special features are outlined. Quality control issues about human milk preparation, fortification, storage, and transport are discussed.