眉部运动的显微外科解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的：为解决除皱术中眉毛上提效果欠佳,不够持久的问题。方法：对10例新鲜尸体进行了大体及显微解剖。结果：证实了额肌深面“滑动层”和“滑动间隙”的存在,观察了眉内侧2／3自皮肤向深面发出固定到眉嵴处的眉毛支持韧带,外侧上方的颞融合线和下方的眉限制韧带静态固定结构,上述结构决定了眉毛的形态;阐述了额肌、皱眉肌和降眉肌的眉毛动力机制,探讨了老年性外侧眉毛下垂主要由于外侧的滑动脂肪垫向下“疝出”所致。结论：通过破坏“滑动间隙”,切断颞融合线和眉限制韧带,切除外侧滑动脂肪垫,达到眉部上提的良好、持久效果。     

Noggin signaling from Xenopus animal blastomere lineages promotes a neural fate in neighboring vegetal blastomere lineages.

In Xenopus, localized factors begin to regionalize embryonic fates prior to the inductive interactions that occur during gastrulation. We previously reported that an animal-to-vegetal signal that occurs prior to gastrulation promotes primary spinal neuron fate in vegetal equatorial (C-tier) blastomere lineages. Herein we demonstrate that maternal mRNA encoding noggin is enriched in animal tiers and at low concentrations in the C-tier, suggesting that the neural fates of C-tier blastomeres may be responsive to early signaling from their neighboring cells. In support of this hypothesis, experimental alteration of the levels of Noggin from animal equatorial (B-tier) or BMP4 from vegetal (D-tier) blastomeres significantly affects the numbers of primary spinal neurons derived from their neighboring C-tier blastomeres. These effects are duplicated in blastomere explants isolated at cleavage stages and cultured in the absence of gastrulation interactions. Co-culture with animal blastomeres enhanced the expression of zygotic neural markers in C-tier blastomere explants, whereas co-culture with vegetal blastomeres repressed them. The expression of these markers in C-tier explants was promoted when Noggin was transiently added to the culture during cleavage/morula stages, and repressed with the transient addition of BMP4. Reduction of Noggin translation in B-tier blastomeres by antisense morpholino oligonucleotides significantly reduced the efficacy of neural marker induction in C-tier explants. These experiments indicate that early anti-BMP signaling from the animal hemisphere recruits vegetal equatorial cells into the neural precursor pool prior to interactions that occur during gastrulation.     

Association of the envelope glycoproteins of influenza virus with liposomes--a model study on viral envelope assembly.

Envelope glycoproteins of virus N (an avian influenza virus) were artificially associated with liposomes, using octylglucoside as detergent which could be readily removed by dialysis. The prepared liposomes, about 0.1-1 μm in diameter, contained specific hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activities. The total amounts of proteins incorporated into liposomes were about the same irrespective of the lipid composition. Similarly, the neuraminidase activity of liposomes remained unchanged by altering lipids. However, the hemagglutinating and cell-adsorbing properties of liposomes varied greatly depending on the composition of lipids. As both lipid and protein components can be altered, the present system may be elaborated for the study of protein-lipid interactions and functions of viral membranes.     

特殊染色和免疫组织化学染色在肾上皮性肿瘤诊断中的应用

目的 探讨肾上皮性肿瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断。方法 对91例具有较完整病理资料的肾上皮性肿瘤进行了常规组织学观察,Mowy胶状铁染色及CD10、细胞角蛋白(CK)7、波形蛋白免疫组织化学染色。结果 91例肾上皮性肿瘤中肾透明细胞癌78例,占86％;肾乳头状癌8例,占9％;肾嫌色细胞癌4例,占4％;肾嗜酸细胞腺瘤1例,占1％。78例肾透明细胞癌中CD10、波形蛋白阳性分别为63例(81％)和69例(88％),主要表现为细胞膜阳性。74／78肾透明细胞癌CK7呈阴性,17／17 Mowy胶状铁染色阴性或呈灶状粗颗粒。肾嫌色细胞癌4例,CK7均呈胞膜阳性;Mowy胶状铁染色表现为胞质内蓝色细网状;4例CD10肿瘤细胞膜均阴性,波形蛋白阴性。肾嗜酸细胞腺癌1例CD10,CK7,波形蛋白,Mowy胶状铁染色均为阴性或不特异。结论 在常规诊断肾上皮性肿瘤有困难时免疫组织化学CD10,CK7,波形蛋白染色以及Mowy胶状铁染色对鉴别诊断有帮助。     

Rh proteins vs Amt proteins: an organismal and phylogenetic perspective on CO2 and NH3 gas channels.

Rh (Rhesus) proteins are homologues of ammonium transport (Amt) proteins. Physiological and structural evidence shows that Amt proteins are gas channels for NH(3), but the substrate of Rh proteins, be it CO2 as shown in green alga, or NH3/NH4+ as shown in mammalian cells, remains disputed. We assembled a large dataset generated of Rh and Amt to explore how Rh originated from and evolved independently of Amt relatives. Analysis of this rich data implies that Rh was split from Amt first to emerge in archaeal species. The Rh ancestor underwent divergence and duplication along speciation, leading to neofunctionalization and subfunctionalization of the Rh family. The characteristic organismal distribution of Rh vs. Amt reflects their early separation and subsequent independent evolution: they coexist in microbes and invertebrates but do not in fungi, vascular plants or vertebrates. Rh gene-duplication was prominent in vertebrates: while epithelial RhBG/RhCG displayed strong purifying selection, erythroid Rh30 and RhAG experienced different episodes of positive selection in each of which adaptive evolution occurred at certain time points and in a few codon sites. Mammalian Rh30 and RhAG were subject to particularly strong positive selection in some codon sites in the lineage from rodents to human. The grounds of this adaptive evolution may be driven by the necessity to increase the surface/volume ratio of biconcave erythrocytes for facilitative gas diffusion. Altogether, these results are consistent with Rh proteins not being the orthologue of Amt proteins but having gained the function for CO2/HCO3- transport, with important roles in systemic pH regulation.     

大鼠内毒素休克肝线粒体Ca^2＋,Mg^2＋含量变化与线粒体损伤

本文在大鼠内毒素休克模型上，观察了肝线粒体结构和功能与Ｃａ＾２＋，Ｍｇ＾２＋含量变化的关系。结果发现：休克动物肝组织和线粒体的Ｃａ＾２＋浓度升高，Ｍｇ＾２＋浓度下降与正常对照组相比有非常显著性差异；用图像分析仪定量分析显示线粒体结构明显受损，线粒体标志酶之一－琥珀酸脱氢酶（ＳＤＨ）活性明显下降，本文认为组织和线粒体内Ｍｇ＾２＋／Ｃａ＾２＋比值下降是休克细胞不可逆损伤重要因素之一。     

恶性疟原虫抗原基因在鼠伤寒沙门氏菌中的表达及免疫原性的初步鉴定

将人工合成的恶性疟原虫杂合７４肽抗原基因克隆到表达载体ｐＷＲ４５０－１中，获得了重组质粒ｐＷＲＣ，将其先转化到减毒伤寒沙门氏菌ＬＢ５０００修饰后，再转化到ＳＬ３２６１，得到重组减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌ＳＬ３２６１（ｐＷＲＣ）。ｐＷＲＣ在ＳＬ３２６１中以β－半乳糖苷酶－杂合多肽抗原Ｃ融合蛋白（ＧＺ－Ｃ）形式表达，表达量约占菌体蛋白总量的１１．３％．Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ及免疫双扩散显示ＧＺ－Ｃ可与兔抗ＧＺ－Ｃ抗原的免疫血清发生特异反应。ＧＺ－Ｃ识别兔抗ＧＺ－Ｃ及鼠抗恶性疟原虫抗血清的ＥＬＩＳＡ滴度分别为１：３２００及１：５１２０。初步结果表明ＳＬ３２６１（ｐＷＲＣ）表达的ＧＺ－Ｃ具有抗原性。连续传代ＳＬ３２６１（ｐＷＲＣ）未见质粒ｐＷＲＣ丢失及对宿主有明显的毒性。