Disposition of the naturally occurring antimutagenic plant phenol, ellagic acid, and its synthetic derivatives, 3-O-decylellagic acid and 3, 3'-di-O-methylellagic acid in mice

The effect of ellagic acid and some of its more lipophilk derivativeson the mutagenicity of (? )-7ß, 8-di-hydroxy-9 10-epoxy-7,8, 910-etrahydrobenz[a]pyrene was examined in Salmonella typhimuriumTA100. Ellagic acid, 3, 3' -di-O-methylellagic add, 4, 4' -di-O-methylellagicacid and 3-O-decyiellagic acid were found to have approximatelyequal antimutagenic activity. The tissue distribution and eliminationof ellagic add, 3, 3' -di-O-methyleCagic add and 3-O-decylellagicacid were examined in CD-I mice. Little or no ellagic acid (<1 nmol/g) was found in blood, lung or liver after the oral administrationby gavage of 300 µunol of ellagic acid per kg body weightor after feeding 1% of ellagic acid in the diet for 1 week.Following the i.p. administration of 120 µmol/kg of ellagicacid, the blood and lung levels of ellagic acid were 15–20nmol/g at 30 min after the dose, and the concentrations of ellagicacid decreased to 1–3 nmol/g at 6–8 h after thedose. A portion of the administered i.p. dose precipitated inthe abdominal cavity. After i.v. administration, ellagic acidwas eliminated very rapidly from blood, lung and liver, and 70% of the administered dose was recovered in the urine andfeces as free ellagic acid and its conjugates. At 2 h afteran i.v. injection of 60 µ/kg of ellagic add, 46% of thedose was recovered in the urine as ellagic acid and its conjugates.Of this amount, about half was excreted as free ellagic acidand half was excreted as conjugates. An additional 25% of thedose was recovered in the feces (mostly as free ellagic acid)after 7 h. The disposition of 3, 3' -di-O-methylelIagic acidor 3–O-decyIellagic acid after i.v. administration (32µmol;sol;kg) was examined and compared to the dispositionof the same i.v. dose of ellagic acid. The concentrations ofellagic acid, 3,3' -di-O-methylellagic acid and 3-O-decytellagicadd decreased rapidly in the blood, liver and lung, but theconcentrations of 3-O-decylellagic add in the lung throughoutthe experimental period (2–360 min) was on average 20-to 40-fold higher than the corresponding average concentrationsof ellagic acid or 3, 3' -di-O-methylellagic acid.     

842例工人、农民和战士最大呼气流量-容积曲线的测定

作者用“点值法”对成都市内和郊区842例从事轻、中、重劳动的健康工人、农民和战士作了MEFV曲线和常规肺功能测定,发现工人和农民在低肺容积时流量增加,在高、中肺容积时流量下降,并以农民最明显,重劳动工人次之,轻、中劳动工人较不明显,战士则相反。揭示不同的体力活动方式及生活条件可导致不同肺容积时的流量改变,以适应其代谢增强时的耗氧需求。     

Hepatic elimination of drugs with concentration-dependent serum protein binding

For a drug with concentration-dependent serum protein binding, the unbound fraction of drug decreases during the drug elimination process. The clearance of the drug at a given blood flow rate is lower than would be expected from the observed unbound fraction in venous blood from a noneliminating organ. Based on both the well-stirred and parallel tube models, simulations demonstrated that consideration of concentration-dependent binding during drug elimination is important when the intrinsic clearance is higher than the blood flow and when the unbound drug concentration is much greater than the dissociation equilibrium constant of the binding complex.Supported in part by Grant GM 28423 from the National Institutes of General Medical Sciences, NIH.     

健康成年人接种两剂新型冠状病毒灭活疫苗后序贯加强免疫重组新型冠状病毒疫苗(CHO细胞)的免疫原性和安全性研究

目的 评价在接种两剂已上市新冠病毒灭活疫苗的人群中序贯加强免疫重组新型冠状病毒疫苗(CHO细胞)后的免疫原性和安全性,为制定新型冠状病毒疫苗的加强免疫策略提供科学依据。 方法 采用开放性试验设计,筛选入组360例已接种两剂新冠病毒灭活疫苗3～4个月、6～8个月、11～13个月的18周岁及以上研究对象并接种1剂重组新型冠状病毒疫苗(CHO细胞)。采集所有研究对象研究用疫苗接种前、接种后14 d血样,用于体液免疫检测,收集研究用疫苗接种后1个月内的所有不良事件。 结果 本研究入组360例研究对象,按研究对象加强免疫与基础免疫间隔时间分3组(A组91～120 d,B组181～240 d,C组331～390 d),各组120例,无研究对象脱落。三组年龄均值分别为38.13、40.22和45.73岁,各组间年龄差异有统计学意义(F=13.516,P＜0.001),A、B组差异无统计学意义(P=0.168),C组和A、B组间差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.001)。三组 IgG GMC(几何平均浓度)免疫前分别为4.81、4.23、2.12 AU/ml,差异有统计学意义(F=10.054,P＜0.001),C组和A、B组间差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.001),A、B组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.520);三组免疫后 IgG GMC 分别为106.69、124.05、80.04 AU/ml,差异无统计学意义(F=2.028,P=0.133)。三组 IgG 抗体阳转率分别为84.17%、87.50%、79.17%,差异无统计学意义(χ²=3.081,P=0.214)。免疫前血清针对Delta变异株和原型株不同组别的中和抗体滴度比较,三组原型株中和抗体GMT(几何平均滴度)为1∶2.18、1∶2.18、1∶2.19,差异无统计学意义(F=0.011,P=0.990);三组Delta变异株中和抗体GMT为1∶2.09、1∶2.17、1∶2.16,差异无统计学意义(F=0.378,P=0.686)。免疫后血清三组原型株中和抗体 GMT为1∶31.09、1∶34.90、1∶21.98,差异无统计学意义(F=2.262,P=0.106);三组Delta变异株中和抗体GMT为1∶61.46、1∶77.44、1∶43.71,差异无统计学意义(F=2.105,P=0.123)。序贯加强免疫后血清对新型冠状病毒Delta变异株和原型株的中和抗体阳转率分别达到82.78%、83.33%。三组 SARS-CoV-2原型株中和抗体阳转率分别为86.67%、87.50%、75.83%,差异有统计学意义(χ²=7.320,P=0.026),其中C组低于A组和B组;三组 SARS-CoV-2 Delta变异株中和抗体阳转率分别为87.50%、84.17%、76.67%,差异无统计学意义(χ²=5.183,P=0.075)。发生不良事件人数为124人,不良事件总体发生率为34.44%。各组发生率分别为35.83%、40.83%和26.67%,差异无统计学意义(χ²=5.487,P=0.064),所有研究对象出现的不良事件以接种部位不良事件为主,主要表现为疫苗接种部位疼痛(23.89%);全身不良事件主要表现为疲劳/乏力(6.94%),未发生与疫苗接种有关的SAEs。结论 接种两剂新型冠状病毒灭活疫苗后序贯加强免疫重组新型冠状病毒疫苗(CHO细胞)具有良好的免疫原性和安全性。较长间隔期的免疫前IgG和免疫后原型株中和抗体阳转率较低,不同间隔期的免疫后IgG 、Delta变异株和原型株中和抗体水平比较差异均无统计学意义,建议基础免疫后6~8个月为最佳的接种间隔。     

The study of tuberculosis outbreak in a high school—Shanghai,China, 2017–2018

Journal of Public Health - To investigate the attack rate of active tuberculosis (TB) cases and detection rate of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) cases, and to identify possible factors...     

新增工伤康复服务项目遴选及支付标准探索*

通过梳理工伤康复服务项目规范与支付标准制定等相关政策,阐述“国家版”和“广东省版”工伤康复服务项目和支付标准制定情况,分析新增工伤康复服务项目管理现状。选择广东省40家协议医院为样本,基于专家咨询法,计算专家采纳率,建立新增工伤康复服务项目目录,并通过基准项目赋值定价,为新增工伤康复服务项目遴选及支付标准提出管理措施。文章建议进一步细化新增工伤康复服务价格项目立项审批流程,建立新增工伤康复服务项目管理办法,规范管理制度。探索新增工伤康复服务项目纳入工伤保险目录管理机制,同时,充分发挥行业学会或协会的作用,加强卫生技术评估准入评审与价格制定管理决策中的广泛应用。     

Development and Measurement of the Treatment Perceptions Survey (TPS) for Clients with Substance Use Disorders

The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research - Statistical reliability of the Treatment Perceptions Survey (TPS) questionnaire was examined using data from 19 California counties. The...     

Effects of a single bout of short-duration high-intensity and long-duration low-intensity exercise on insulin resistance and adiponectin/leptin ratio

ObjectivesModerate-intensity exercise improves insulin sensitivity, which may depend on the intensity, duration, and frequency of exercise. We examined the effects of a single bout of short-duration high-intensity exercise (HIE) and long-duration lowintensity exercise (LIE) on insulin sensitivity and the adiponectin/leptin ratio in individuals with different body mass indices (BMIs) who do not exercise regularly.MethodsWe enrolled 42 healthy volunteers aged 20–64 years and divided them into two groups based on BMI: BMI <24 kg/m² and BMI ≥27 kg/m². They were randomly assigned to either the short-duration (20 min) HIE (70%–80% heart rate reserve, HRR) or long-duration (60 min) LIE training groups (30%–40% HRR). Glucose, insulin, adiponectin, and leptin levels were assessed before training and at 0, 30, 60, and 120 min after training.ResultsWe finally analyzed 27 normal weight and 9 obese individuals. No significant differences were observed in the baseline information of both BMI groups. Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance significantly improved for both exercise patterns in the normal weight group and for the HIE pattern in the obese group (P < 0.01), whereas the adiponectin/leptin ratio increased significantly only among normal weight participants with the LIE intervention.ConclusionBoth exercise patterns in BMI <24 kg/m² and BMI ≥27 kg/m² benefit on insulin resistance. Therefore, people can choose the way they can fit to improve insulin resistance both short-duration high-intensity exercise and long-duration low-intensity exercise.     

Optimal Household Water Access Fosters the Attainment of Minimum Dietary Diversity among Children Aged 6–23 Months in Malawi

Along with sanitation and hygiene, water is a well-known driver of child undernutrition. However, a more direct role of household (HH) water access in shaping dietary diversity remains unexplored. We assessed the association between HH water access and achievement of minimum dietary diversity (MDD) among young children. We utilized nationally-representative cross-sectional data from the 2015/16 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey, which included 4727 mother–child dyads, respectively, (26.8 ± 6.8 years, range 15–49 years) and (13.9 ± 4.9 months, range 6–23 months). HH water access was categorized as (1) basic or no access, (2) intermediate, or (3) optimal. MDD was defined as feeding a child, during the previous day, at least four of the food groups defined by the World Health Organization. Only 27.7% of the children achieved MDD standards; most of the children who achieved MDD were from HHs with optimal water access (58.4%, p < 0.001). However, only 5.9% of the mother–child dyads were from HHs with optimal water access. After adjusting for covariates, children from HHs with optimal water access had higher odds of achieving MDD than those from HHs with basic or no water access (aOR = 1.74, CI = 1.24–2.46). Our results highlight the need to incorporate water-based strategies into national nutritional policies to increase dietary diversity among Malawian infants and young children.     

Less Is Better: How Nutrition and Low-Carbon Labels Jointly Backfire on the Evaluation of Food Products

(1) Background: Labeling is one of the significant strategies to guide sustainable consumption behaviors. Nowadays, multi labels being displayed on the front-of-pack of food products is a common phenomenon. However, labels seldom operate solo, and competition or complement effects may be exerted on different labels. Therefore, the research objective is to explore the interaction effect when nutrition and low-carbon labels appear simultaneously; (2) Methods: Across four scenario-based experiments, including ice cream, yogurt, steak, and toast, this study manipulated the separate and joint occurrences of low-carbon and nutrition labels, the interaction effect of joint labels was tested, and the serial mediation model, which includes resource allocation and anticipated enjoyment of food consumption, was verified; (3) Results: Results show that people have a positive preference for the nutrition label and the carbon label, respectively, while these two labels working simultaneously attenuate the positive effect of the single label. When facing nutrition and carbon labels simultaneously, people would infer partial resources are allocated to healthy and environmental aspects so they have a lower anticipated enjoyment from food consumption. Thus, these two labels working simultaneously attenuate the positive effect of the single label, and consumers have a lower evaluation of food products. In addition, the joint backfire on the effect is only exerted on people with a higher level of zero-sum bias and only when joint labels have a high consistency of labels; (4) Conclusions: This study solved the contradictory problem of the joint effect of positive labels. The findings in this research contribute to promote sustainable food consumption. We suggest that similar labels should be avoided in the same front-of-pack of food, and manufacturers need to use ads to bring down consumers’ zero-sum bias.