Potential hazards associated with microbial contamination of in-line filters during intravenous therapy

The survival and multiplication of Enterobacter agglomerans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 0.45- and 0.22-micrometer in-line filter sets during simulated infusions were studied to evaluate the ability of each filter type to prevent infusions of these bacteria into patients. Bacteria were found to proliferate in the upstream compartment of sets housing both filter porosities. None of the 0.22-micrometer in-line filters were penetrated by the test bacteria. In contrast, P. aeruginosa was observed to penetrate each 0.45-micrometer in-line filter examined within 12 h of continuous infusion. Tribe Klebsielleae organisms penetrated a proportion of the 0.45-micrometer filters usually between 48 and 72 h of infusion. In addition, the elution of endotoxin from gram-negative bacteria trapped in the filter set during infusion is reported. Collected infusion filtrate exhibited a trend of increasing endotoxin-like activity with an increasing duration of infusion. In the case of E. agglomerans, mean peak levels of approximately 65 pg of Escherichia coli endotoxin per ml were attained after 72 h. Other bacteria produced similar results, except mean peak levels ranged from 5 to 30 pg/ml. It was noted that endotoxin-like activity was not detected in filtrate eluted from contaminated filter sets during the initial 24 h of infusion. We conclude that to avoid potential hazards of bacterial penetration and endotoxin production during continuous use of in-line filter sets, the 0.22-micrometer filter type must be employed and replaced every 24 h.     

Yeast-specific DNA probes and their application for the detection of Candida albicans.

Two DNA fragments cloned from the genome of Candida albicans ATCC 10261 may be useful in the rapid diagnosis of disseminated candidosis. One sequence (probe EOB1) was specific for C. albicans (positive hybridisation with 45 strains tested). The second sequence (probe EOB2) detected C. albicans, as well as five other pathogenic Candida spp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but did not react with human or bacterial DNA. Both probes were repetitive sequences in the genome of C. albicans. Probe EOB1 was used to detect, without DNA amplification, 500 C. albicans yeast cells in 1 ml of human blood.     

The role of the occupational therapist-work evaluator

This paper presents the role of the occupational therapist as that of a work evaluator who provides services to injured workers. Therapists, by virtue of their professional knowledge, have a frame of reference for work evaluation and understand the factors that interrupt the work process. In work evaluation, the therapist assists the injured worker to develop work readiness and the physical capacities necessary for working productively. This development takes place in a therapeutic milieu where the "worker" role is regained. The role of the occupational therapist-work evaluator includes work-oriented treatment in the acute care setting, job analysis, work tolerance screening, work capacity evaluation, work hardening, and job market reentry management in the work evaluation and community settings.     

Benign neonatal seizures

Benign neonatal seizures is a rare but increasingly recognized syndrome characterized by seizures in the neonatal or infantile period. Two forms are recognized: familial and nonfamilial. In both instances, the seizures may be quite severe, and status epilepticus is common. The nonfamilial form is characterized by idiopathic, self-limited seizures occurring in previously normal neonates. The seizures most commonly occur at day 5 and have been called "fifth-day fits" by some authors. Familial seizures most frequently have their onset during the first week of life, but onset may occur as late as early infancy. These seizures may recur for several months before resolving. No cause is found for the seizures, and the patient appears healthy during the interictal period. The family history reveals benign neonatal seizures in other family members. Although the prognosis is favorable in both syndromes, seizures may occasionally occur later in life in the familial form. The familial form of benign neonatal seizures is autosomal dominant, and the gene has been localized to chromosome 20.     

Controlling the rate in community rating--experts aren't sure how

What premiums states pay under community rating will be determined by how much they spend on health care. But it's not clear how spending is affected by prices, utilization, disease rates, and behavior. The answers will test Americans' commitment to one another.