Food insecurity reported by children,but not by mothers,is associated with lower quality of diet and shifts in foods consumed

Household food security shows little indication of nutrient inadequacy among children, according to reports made by parents. We examined the associations of food insecurity as reported by children and mothers with children's consumption of energy, macronutrients such as vitamin A, calcium, iron and zinc, and selected foods, and whether these associations differed by child's gender. This cross‐sectional study had non‐probabilistic 128 Venezuelan mother–child pairs. We assessed food insecurity and management strategies in children using 10‐ and nine‐item instruments, respectively. Mothers' report of food insecurity came from a previously validated 12‐item instrument. Nutrient intake of children was assessed with a 67‐item food frequency questionnaire. Comparisons were made using chi‐square test for contingency tables and t‐tests for trends (P < 0.05). Linear regression models were used for intakes of nutrients and selected foods. We tested for interactions with gender. Prevalence of child‐ and mother‐reported food insecurity was 83.6 and 61.7%, respectively (P < 0.01). Greater food insecurity or management strategies reported by boys was associated with lower calcium, iron and zinc intake (P < 0.05), but reported intakes were low in girls who are even food secure. Rice and corn flour consumption was higher with higher food insecurity in children. Papaya and banana were less consumed by food‐insecure children. We found shifts in 13 of 67 foods consumed, with less quality in those food insecure, as reported by children. Mother‐reported food insecurity was associated only with rice intake of children. In contrast to mothers' reports, food insecurity reported by children was associated with children's lower quality of diet and shifts in foods consumed.     

Visual-vestibular interaction hypothesis for the control of orienting gaze shifts by brain stem omnipause neurons

Models of combined eye-head gaze shifts all aim to realistically simulate behaviorally observed movement dynamics. One of the most problematic features of such models is their inability to determine when a saccadic gaze shift should be initiated and when it should be ended. This is commonly referred to as the switching mechanism mediated by omni-directional pause neurons (OPNs) in the brain stem. Proposed switching strategies implemented in existing gaze control models all rely on a sensory error between instantaneous gaze position and the spatial target. Accordingly, gaze saccades are initiated after presentation of an eccentric visual target and subsequently terminated when an internal estimate of gaze position becomes nearly equal to that of the target. Based on behavioral observations, we demonstrate that such a switching mechanism is insufficient and is unable to explain certain types of movements. We propose an improved hypothesis for how the OPNs control gaze shifts based on a visual-vestibular interaction of signals known to be carried on anatomical projections to the OPN area. The approach is justified by the analysis of recorded gaze shifts interrupted by a head brake in animal subjects and is demonstrated by implementing the switching mechanism in an anatomically based gaze control model. Simulated performance reveals that a weighted sum of three signals: gaze motor error, head velocity, and eye velocity, hypothesized as inputs to OPNs, successfully reproduces diverse behaviorally observed eye-head movements that no other existing model can account for.     

Insurance reimbursement in a university-based pediatric weight management clinic

OBJECTIVES: To compare third-party payor reimbursement for patients evaluated in a university-based pediatric weight management clinic in central Kentucky. STUDY DESIGN: Demographic and reimbursement data were reviewed for 120 patients evaluated January to December 2004. Statistical analysis included Kruskal-Wallis test and Friedman's test. RESULTS: Overall, median reimbursement was 60%. For new appointments, contracted (56%) and capitated (60%) reimbursements were higher than Medicaid (55%). For established appointments, Medicaid reimbursement (100%) was higher than contracted (37%) and capitated (58%). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that reimbursement is influenced by regional factors and is improving in central Kentucky.     

Anti-hyperalgesic effects of two sphingosine derivatives in different acute and chronic models of hyperalgesia in mice

Background

The study evaluated the effects of two sphingosine derivatives N-(2-tert-butoxycarbamylhexadecyl)glutaramide (AA) and N-(1-benzyloxyhexadec-2-yl)glutaramide (OA) in different models of hypersensitivity in mice.

Quality indicators for a community‐based wound care centre: An integrative review

The purpose of this review was to identify the role and contribution of community‐based nurse‐led wound care as a service delivery model. Centres increasingly respond proactively to assess and manage wounds at all stages – not only chronic wound care. We conducted an integrative review of literature, searching five databases, 2007–2018. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, we systematically approached article selection and all three authors collaborated to chart the study variables, evaluate data, and synthesise results. Eighteen studies were included, representing a range of care models internationally. The findings showed a need for nurse‐led clinics to provide evidence‐based care using best practice guidelines for all wound types. Wound care practices should be standardised across the particular service and be integrated with higher levels of resources such as investigative services and surgical units. A multi‐disciplinary approach was likely to achieve better patient outcomes, while patient‐centred care with strong patient engagement was likely to assist patients' compliance with treatment. High‐quality community‐based wound services should include nursing leadership based on a hub‐and‐spoke model. This is ideally patient‐centred, evidence‐based, and underpinned by a commitment to developing innovations in terms of treatment modalities, accessibility, and patient engagement.     

Serum proteome of dogs at subclinical and clinical onset of canine leishmaniosis

The objective of this study was to identify changes in serum proteome in dogs that may occur after an experimental infection at subclinical and clinical stages of canine leishmaniosis (CanL). For this purpose, canine pre‐ and post‐infection with Leishmania infantum serum proteomes in the same dogs were analysed by a high‐throughput label‐based quantitative LC‐MS/MS proteomic approach. A total of 169 proteins were identified, and 74 of them including complement C8 alpha chain, adiponectin, transferrin, sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase acid‐like 3A and immunoglobulins showed different modulation between the different stages of CanL. These proteins could be considered as potential serum biomarkers of early diagnostic or disease progression in CanL. Additionally, biological pathways modulated during CanL such as blood coagulation or gonadotropin‐releasing hormone receptor were revealed, which could help to understand the pathological mechanisms of the disease.