西藏墨脱县城中小学生的弱视患病率调查

目的：:调查我国西藏自治区林芝市墨脱县城区中小学生的弱视患病率及其影响因素。方法：:横断面调查研究。在2017年5月对墨脱县城区小学初中的全体学生共833名开展视力普查及基本的眼科检查,包括视力及屈光、眼前段、眼底、眼位等检查,对确诊为弱视的学生进行问卷调查并分析发病原因。应用Fisher's精确检验、卡方检验比较不同...     

Protective effect of glutamine-enriched early enteral nutrition on intestinal mucosal barrier injury after liver transplantation in rats

Background

The effect of glutamine-enriched early enteral nutrition (Gln-EEN) on intestinal mucosal barrier injury after liver transplantation (LT) remains uncertain.

Methods

The Wistar-to-Wistar rat LT model was used to explore the protective effect of Gln-EEN. Morphologic changes of intestinal mucosa, levels of intestinal malondialdehyde and secretory immunoglobulin (sIgA), plasma endotoxin, D-lactic acid, serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), rates of bacterial translocation, and expression of intestinal nuclear factor-κB, TNF-α, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 were determined.

Results

After LT, intestinal mucosa was damaged seriously. At 12, 24, and 48 hours posttransplantation, levels of intestinal sIgA were decreased; levels of malondialdehyde, endotoxin, D-lactic acid, and TNF-α, the ratio of bacterial translocation, and the expression of intestinal nuclear factor-κB, TNF-α, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 all were increased. However, changes in earlier-mentioned parameters in recipients treated with Gln-EEN were attenuated remarkably at 24 to 48 hours.

Conclusions

Our data show that Gln-EEN is a potent protectant against intestinal mucosal barrier injury after LT.     

帕罗西汀与氯硝西泮治疗广泛性焦虑症对照研究

目的探讨帕罗西汀与氯硝西泮治疗广泛性焦虑症的疗效与不良反应.方法将63例广泛性焦虑障碍患者随机分为两组.研究组32例给予帕罗西汀治疗;对照组31例给予氯硝西泮治疗,两组疗程均为6w.两组于治疗前和治疗第3,6w末采用焦虑自评量表、汉密顿焦虑量表和副反应量表评定临床疗效与副反应,并进行比较.结果帕罗西汀与氯硝西泮对广泛性焦虑障碍均有明显疗效.两组组内治疗前与治疗第3,6w末汉密顿焦虑量表、焦虑自评量表减分率比较有极显著性差异（P＜0.01）;两组间汉密顿焦虑量表减分率比较无显著性差异（P＞0.05）,焦虑自评量表减分率差异有极显著性（P＜0.01）;治疗第6w末两组副反应量表评分有极显著性差异（P＜0.01）.结论帕罗西汀治疗广泛性焦虑障碍安全有效,患者耐受性好,副反应轻微.     

脑出血病人上肢运动功能障碍相关弥散张量成像研究简

目的探讨利用弥散张量成像（diffusion tensor imaging,DTI）技术评估与高血压脑出血病人上肢运动功能障碍相关的皮质脊髓束（corticospinaltract,CST）受损情况。方法运用DTI技术三维重建21例高血压脑出血病人病变侧CST,分析CST受损情况与病侧Brunnstrom上肢评分以及美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损评分（national institutes of health stroke scale,NIHSS）之间的关系。结果DTI所显示的CST受损程度与Bmnnstrom上肢评分呈负相关（Rs=-0．83,P〈0．001）,与NIHSS评分呈正相关（Rs：0．79,P〈0．001）。结论DTI可直观显示与脑出血病人上肢功能障碍密切相关的CST受损情况,有助于病情的客观评估。     

How bilingualism protects the brain from aging: Insights from bimodal bilinguals

Bilingual experience can delay cognitive decline during aging. A general hypothesis is that the executive control system of bilinguals faces an increased load due to controlling two languages, and this increased load results in a more “tuned brain” that eventually creates a neural reserve. Here we explored whether such a neuroprotective effect is independent of language modality, i.e., not limited to bilinguals who speak two languages but also occurs for bilinguals who use a spoken and a signed language. We addressed this issue by comparing bimodal bilinguals to monolinguals in order to detect age‐induced structural brain changes and to determine whether we can detect the same beneficial effects on brain structure, in terms of preservation of gray matter volume (GMV), for bimodal bilinguals as has been reported for unimodal bilinguals. Our GMV analyses revealed a significant interaction effect of age × group in the bilateral anterior temporal lobes, left hippocampus/amygdala, and left insula where bimodal bilinguals showed slight GMV increases while monolinguals showed significant age‐induced GMV decreases. We further found through cortical surface‐based measurements that this effect was present for surface area and not for cortical thickness. Moreover, to further explore the hypothesis that overall bilingualism provides neuroprotection, we carried out a direct comparison of GMV, extracted from the brain regions reported above, between bimodal bilinguals, unimodal bilinguals, and monolinguals. Bilinguals, regardless of language modality, exhibited higher GMV compared to monolinguals. This finding highlights the general beneficial effects provided by experience handling two language systems, whether signed or spoken. Hum Brain Mapp 38:4109–4124, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

昆明种小鼠胚胎神经干细胞的分离及培养**

目的：在神经干细胞的分离培养过程中，国内外的报道多数是用胰蛋白酶对组织细胞进行消化，但是消化时间比较难把握。采用胰酶消化与机械分离法相结合的方式对昆明种小鼠胚胎脑神经干细胞进行分离、培养和初步的免疫组织化学检测，为相关研究建立实验条件。 方法：实验于2006-10/2007-09在广西医科大学基础医学实验室完成。实验室为广西重点实验室、基础医学博士后工作站。 ①实验材料：孕14~16 d的昆明种小鼠由广西医科大学实验动物中心提供，实验过程中对动物处置符合动物伦理学标准。②实验方法：分离昆明种小鼠胎鼠的脑组织，经胰酶消化加机械吹打后，在加入碱性成纤维细胞生长因子和表皮细胞生长因子的B27无血清培养基中培养。③实验评估：用免疫细胞化学方法鉴定分离的神经干细胞。 结果：在无血清DMEM/F12培养液中，加入碱性成纤维细胞生长因子、表皮细胞生长因子及B27的条件下，培养24 h后可见细胞以悬浮方式生长，三五聚集成团块，48 h后形成由十数个至数十个细胞组成的，大小不等的细胞球，形态规则，细胞无突起，形成典型的神经球，可传代。免疫细胞化学法检测显示，细胞表达神经巢蛋白。 结论：①来自昆明种小鼠胎脑的神经干细胞能在体外培养、增殖并具有增殖传代能力。②无血清B27培养基添加表皮细胞生长因子、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子有利于神经干细胞的体外培养和促进其增殖。     

Construction of sulfur-containing N-vinylimides: N-addition of imides to propargyl sulfonium salts

An N-addition reaction between imides and propargyl sulfonium salts was developed to afford sulfur-containing N-vinylimides with moderate to excellent yields. Under the activation of NaOAc·3H₂O, imides could undergo deprotonation and propargyl sulfonium salts could isomerize to allenic sulfonium salts. The N-nucleophilic attack initiates the reaction and gives the desired products. Various imides, including arylimides, aliphatic imides and N-(arylsulfonyl) alkyl acylamides, and even bioactive saccharin, thalidomide and pomalidomide could provide organosulfur N-vinylimides compounds. The simple, mild and metal-free reaction conditions, the broad scope of substrates, gram-scale synthesis and convenient transformation embody the synthetic superiority of this process.

An N-addition reaction between imides and propargyl sulfonium salts was developed to afford sulfur-containing N-vinylimides with moderate to excellent yields.

N-vinylimides represent crucial structural motifs due to the importance of these frameworks (Fig. 1), which are the core structure found in biologically active structures,¹ functional materials² and natural products such as the parazoanthines A–E.³ They can also serve as versatile synthetic intermediates in the synthesis of β-2-amino acid derivatives⁴ and other complex structures.⁵Open in a separate windowFig. 1Representative functional N-vinylimides scaffolds.Due to the importance of these N-vinylimides frameworks, the growing interest in this featured moiety has catalyzed a recent spurt of attention for methodology appropriate for its construction. Conventionally, protocols for the synthesis of this important substrate class included transition-metal-catalyzed en-imidic C(sp²)–N bond formation reactions of imides with vinyl halides, pseudohalides or alkynes. The main strategies involved Cu-catalyzed Chan–Lam–Evans reactions,⁶ Ru-catalyzed hydroimidation reaction of imide with alkyne⁷ and Pd-catalyzed oxidative amination of alkenes.⁸ In 2021, Sandtorv''s group reported Cu-catalyzed Chan–Lam–Evans reaction for coupling cyclic imides and alkenylboronic acids by forming C(sp²)–N-bonds, enables the practical and mild preparation of (E)-enimides (Scheme 1a).^6a In 2020, Schaub''s group reported Ru-phosphine catalyzed hydroimidation reaction of cyclic amides with acetylene under low pressure, affording new method for synthesis of N-vinylimides (Scheme 1b).^7a Hull''s group reported Pd-catalyzed anti-Markovnikov oxidative amination reaction, alkenes are shown to react with imides in the presence of a palladate catalyst to generate the terminal imide, providing mild and robust complementary routes (Scheme 1c).^8a Besides, rarely examples of organo-catalytic conjugate additions of imides to acetylene can also provide methods for the synthesis of N-vinylimides.⁹Open in a separate windowScheme 1Approaches for vinylation of imides.The previously reported synthesis strategies mainly involved the use of expensive Ru and Pd-catalysts, otherwise toxic copper catalyst, and the structural limitations imposed to phthalimide and therefore specialized. Considering the limitation in generality, the harsh reaction condition, and the use of metal-catalysis decreased the attractiveness for synthetic applications, the development of new kind of vinylation reagents and their application of building N-vinylimides in a simple, mild, metal-free and efficient manner are highly desirable.Our earlier work inspired our interest in synthesis of N-vinylimides by employing propargyl sulfonium salts as vinylation reagent. We have been exploring new reaction patterns of sulfonium salts and developed propargyl sulfonium salts involved [3 + 2] annulation/substitution reaction and N-addition/[2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement reaction in an acyclic model.¹⁰ Based on our processive interests on constructing N-functionalized vinylation reaction and exploring the diverse reactive pathway of propargyl sulfonium salts, we herein report the realization of inorganic base promoted N-addition reaction of imides and propargyl sulfonium salts, delivering potential bioactive sulfur-containing N-vinylimides in moderate to excellent yields (Scheme 1).We began our investigation by selecting phthalimide 1a and propargyl sulfonium salt 2a as model substrates (†).Optimization of the reaction conditions^a

Nucleic acid‐based non‐invasive prenatal diagnosis of genetic skin diseases: are we ready?

The discovery of circulating fetal nucleic acids is a great step on the way of developing non‐invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) for genetic disorders. Here, we briefly discuss the current applications of circulating fetal nucleic acids in genetic testing for different kinds of hereditary diseases with an emphasis on using circulating cell‐free fetal DNA in diagnosis of monogenic disorders. As the genetic skin disorders impair the quality of life at different levels, we next discuss some ethical issues in NIPD for genetic skin diseases of various severities and in particular, the responsibility of doctors and parents, respectively, in the prenatal genetic testing.     

Antimicrobial resistance,presence of integrons and biofilm formation of Salmonella Pullorum isolates from eastern China (1962–2010)

Three hundred and thirty-seven isolates of Salmonella Pullorum from eastern China between 1962 and 2010 were characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility (disk diffusion method), the presence of integrons (polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing) and the ability to form biofilms (semi-quantitative adherence assay). Two hundred and fifty-eight isolates (76.6%) exhibited multiple drug resistance (MDR; resistant to at least three different classes of antimicrobials), and the level of drug resistance is increasing with time. There were three isolates (9.4%) exhibiting MDR from 1962 to 1968. MDR rates began to increase for isolates between 1970 to 1979 and 1980 to 1987 (64.6 to 78.7%). The MDR rates reached 96.6% for isolates between 1990 and 2010. Polymerase chain reaction screening for integrons showed that 75 isolates (22.3%) were positive for class 1 integrons while none were positive for class 2 integrons. All of the class 1 integron-positive isolates exhibited MDR and were more frequently resistant than the negative isolates. Two hundred and twenty isolates (65.3%) had the ability to form biofilms, and bacterial resistance levels to cefamandole, trimethoprim and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were significantly higher for biofilm-positive groups than the biofilm-negative groups. Our data show that multidrug resistance is common among S. Pullorum isolated from eastern China, being more frequent after 1990 than before 1990, and the presence of class 1 integrons is associated with multidrug resistance.