Comparison of heart rate response and heart rate recovery after step test among smoker and non-smoker athletes

BackgroundExercise performance depend on the ability of the cardiovascular system to respond to a wide range of metabolic demands and physical exertion.ObjectivesTo investigate the habitual smoking effects in heart rate response and heart rate recovery after step test in athletes.MethodsSeventy-eight physically healthy active athletes (45 non-smokers and 33 smokers) aging 27±8 years old, participated in this study. All participants completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and performed the six-minute step test. Cardiovascular parameters such (resting heart rate, peak heart rate, heart rate at 1 min after testing, heart rate recovery, recovery time, blood pressure at rest, and post-testing blood pressure) were recorded.ResultsSmoker-athletes had higher resting heart rate (76 ± 9bpm vs. 72 ± 10bpm, p<0.05), maximum heart rate (154 ± 18bpm vs. 147 ± 17bpm, p<0.05) and recovery time (7min 25sec ± 6min 31sec vs. 4min 21sec ± 4min 30sec, p<0.05) than non-smoker athletes. Scores from the IPAQ were approximately the same (M=7927 ± 10303, M= 6380 ± 4539, p<0.05).ConclusionSmoking was found to affect athletes'' cardiovascular fitness. The change of the athletes'' heart rate recovery and recovery time contributes to the adaptation of cardiovascular function in training requirements.     

An emergency diagnostic dilemma: a case of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Yersinia enterocolitica</Emphasis> colitis mimicking acute appendicitis in a β-thalassemia major patient: the role of CT and literature review

The role of computed tomography (CT) scanning in a case of Yersinia enterocolitica (YE) enteritis mimicking acute appendicitis in a 34-year-old female patient with β-thalassemia major is presented. Although the abdominal CT findings on admittance were indicative of acute appendicitis (enlargement of the appendix and thickening of its wall), making appendectomy a likely treatment option, a second CT scan 3 days later was diagnostic for infectious colitis (bowel wall thickening, ulcerations of the colonic mucosa, and fat stranding), and an unnecessary appendectomy was thus avoided. The diagnosis of YE colitis was later confirmed by serology tests.     

Chronic exposure of human glomerular epithelial cells to high glucose concentration results in modulation of high-affinity glucose transporters expression

INTRODUCTION: GLUTs are specific membrane proteins that transport glucose down a concentration gradient. There have been few studies on their expression in the kidney. The aim of this study was to identify the expression of GLUTs 1, 3, and 4 in HGEC and their regulation under diabetic milieu. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An immortalized cell line of HGEC was used. Cells were cultured in medium containing 5 or 25 mM D-glucose. Western blotting and flow cytometry were used to examine the presence of GLUTs (1, 3, 4) and alterations in expression. RESULTS: Western blotting analysis revealed that GLUT-1 levels were increased by 53% in HGEC cultured under experimental diabetes compared to cells grown in 5mM glucose. GLUT-3 levels were also increased by 15% under diabetic conditions. GLUT-4 levels were decreased by 20% in diabetes. Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) analysis demonstrated that cell surface expression of GLUT-1 was increased by 28% in cells grown in 25mM glucose. High glucose concentration did not affect cell surface expression of GLUT-3 and GLUT-4. DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that depressed GLUT4 expression in glomerulus and overexpression of GLUT-1 and in a lesser extent of GLUT-3 may alter the glucose uptake in these cells. It has been suggested that the overexpression of GLUT-1 in glomerulus, being the major isoform, may lead to the initial pathologic hallmarks of diabetic nephropathy.     

In vitro and in vivo evaluations of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor NSC 680410 against human leukemia and glioblastoma cell lines

PURPOSE: NSC 680410, the novel adamantyl ester of AG957, an inhibitor of the p210bcr/abl tyrosine kinase (CML, Ph(+)) and possibly other kinases, was tested for antitumor activity in ten human leukemia and human glioblastoma cell lines. METHODS: CEM/0, seven ara-C- and/or ASNase-resistant clones, Jurkat/0, the myelomonocytic line U937 and U87 MG glioblastoma cell lines were used for these studies. The drug-resistant leukemic clones lack p53, express bcl-2 and VEGF-R1, and thus are refractory to apoptosis. Since tyrosine kinases drive many proliferative pathways and these activities are increased in many leukemic cells, we hypothesized that NSC 680410 may induce cytotoxicity in drug-resistant leukemia clones, independently of p210bcr/abl expression. RESULTS: NSC 680410 exhibited significant antileukemic activity in CEM/0, Jurkat E6-1, and in the drug-resistant leukemic cell lines. The IC(50) values in nine leukemia lines ranged from 17 to 216 n M. Western blot analyses after NSC 680410 treatment demonstrated caspase-3 cleavage and ELISAs showed a fivefold upregulation of its activity in cellular extracts. In addition, U87 MG human glioblastoma cells, which express VEGF-R1, were treated with the Flt-1/Fc chimera, a specific inhibitor of VEGF, and showed 30-43% cell kill in the MTT assay. Furthermore, the combination of NSC 680410 plus Flt-1/Fc chimera demonstrated an eightfold synergism against U87 MG cells in vitro. To verify this observation in vivo, athymic mice were inoculated orthotopically into the caudate putamen with 10(6) U87 MG cells. On day 3, five mice per group were treated i.p. with either 8.3 mg/kg NSC 680410 daily for three doses per week for 4 weeks alone or in combination with one dose of Flt-1/Fc chimera 100 mg/kg subcutaneously. Treatment with NSC 680410 alone produced no weight changes and increased the median survival to 133%, whereas treatment with NSC680410 plus Flt-1/Fc chimera increased survival to 142% over control. Control animals had large intra- and extracranial tumors while the NSC 680410-treated mice had small, only intracranial tumors with necrotic centers. The combination treatment resulted in small residual tumors around the needle track, indicating significant inhibition of tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS: These studies demonstrate that the tyrosine kinase inhibitor NSC 680410 has significant antileukemic activity in p53-null, drug-resistant human leukemia cell lines, as well as significant antitumor activity in combination with Flt-1/Fc chimera against U87 MG glioblastoma brain tumors implanted in situ in athymic mice.