Gender Differences in Trajectories of Lower Extremity Function in Older Adults: Findings From the International Mobility in Aging Study

ObjectivesWe examined the lower extremity function trajectories of older men and women over 4 years and baseline predictors of these trajectories.DesignLongitudinal analysis of an international cohort study.Settings and participantsOlder adults from the International Mobility in Aging Study (IMIAS) aged between 65 and 74 years at baseline.MeasuresPhysical performance of the lower extremities was measured in 2012, with follow-ups in 2014 and in 2016, using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Group-based trajectory analysis of physical performance by gender was performed. Multinomial logistic regression was used to derive relative risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals between the physical performance trajectories and the potential baseline predictors in men and women separately.ResultsThree physical performance trajectories were identified in men and women: high-stable (30.0% vs 35.5%), gradual functional decline (63.1% vs 54.3%), and rapid functional decline (6.9% vs 10.2%). Common baseline characteristics associated with memberships in the gradual functional decline and rapid functional decline trajectory groups in men and women were age, single marital status, and multiple chronic conditions (>3). Among men, depression was a strong predictor of the membership in the rapid functional decline trajectory group. Women in the rapid functional decline trajectory group were more likely to be obese, with feminine and undifferentiated gender roles, and have poor self-rated health at baseline.Conclusions/ImplicationsThere are gender differences in the physical performance trajectories and related factors among older adults. Programs aiming at preventing or slowing functional decline in old age should be sensitive to gender.     

停用宫内节育器后育龄妇女妊娠率的双向性队列研究

目的：探讨使用宫内节育器（IUD）对女性生育能力的影响。方法：采用双向性队列研究方法,以生育一孩的妇女采用IUD避孕对象作为观察队列（1 361例）,同期使用避孕套妇女作为对照队列（1 307例）,于2016年7月1日—2017年9月30日随访观察停用避孕措施后1年内的妊娠情况,计算1年累积妊娠率,采用Cox比例风险模型进行多因素分析。结果：IUD组和对照组停用措施后妊娠者平均受孕时间分别为（144.1±96.86）d和（122.5±91.33）d,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。IUD组累积妊娠率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。使用IUD时间小于5年者停用后1年累积妊娠率是停用避孕套者的0.866倍（95%CI：0.788～0.952）。多因素Cox回归分析显示,与使用避孕套妇女相比,使用高铜IUD妇女停用后对妊娠有影响（HR=0.826,95%CI：0.720～0.947）。结论：使用高铜IUD者1年累积妊娠率较使用避孕套者低,受孕时间延长,对于使用高铜IUD者如近期有再生育计划,建议及早取出IUD以做好生育准备。     

What does it mean to involve consumers successfully in NHS research? A consensus study

OBJECTIVE: To obtain consensus on the principles and indicators of successful consumer involvement in NHS research. DESIGN: Consensus methods were used. An expert workshop, employing the nominal group technique was used to generate potential principles and indicators. A two-round postal Delphi process was used to obtain consensus on the principles and indicators. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Participants were drawn from health, social care, universities and consumer organizations. A purposive sampling strategy was used to identify people who had experience and/or knowledge of consumer involvement in NHS research. Six researchers and seven consumers participated in an expert workshop. Ninety-six people completed both rounds of the Delphi process. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Consensus on principles and indicators of successful consumer involvement in NHS research. RESULTS: Eight principles were developed through an expert workshop and Delphi process, and rated as both clear and valid. Consensus was reached on at least one clear and valid indicator by which to measure each principle. CONCLUSIONS: Consensus has been obtained on eight principles of successful consumer involvement in NHS research. They may help commissioners, researchers and consumers to deepen their understanding of this issue, and can be used to guide good practice.     

艾司奥美拉唑镁肠溶片微生物限度检查法的建立

目的 建立艾司奥美拉唑镁肠溶片微生物限度检查法.方法 依据《中国药典》2015年版微生物限度检查法中需氧菌总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数计数方法及控制菌检查方法,进行方法学验证.采用平皿法对需氧菌总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数计数,采用常规法对控制菌检查方法进行方法学验证.结果 需氧菌总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数验证中各菌的回收率均为50%~200%,验证组可检出大肠埃希菌.需氧菌总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数计数方法采用平皿法,控制菌检查采用直接接种法.结论HT6K 该方法可行性强,适用于艾司奥美拉唑镁肠溶片的微生物限度检查.     

Addressing Gaps in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Education: Training Middle School Students in Hands‐Only Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

BACKGROUND

Training middle school students to perform hands‐only cardiopulmonary resuscitation (HOCPR) is a potential method to increase overall rates of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). We aimed to examine the feasibility of teaching this population CPR using teacher‐implemented education sessions guided by American Heart Association (AHA) training kits and resources.

METHODS

We conducted a national HOCPR training campaign in middle schools during the 2014‐2015 school year. Participating schools utilized AHA CPR training kits to train seventh and eighth grade students. We assessed pretest/posttest knowledge and comfort in performing HOCPR.

RESULTS

We recruited 1131 schools and trained approximately 334,610 students in HOCPR. The average pretest score on knowledge questions was 50% and the average posttest score was 84%. Most students (76%) felt comfortable performing HOCPR after the education session. Overall, 98% of teachers said they would continue to implement CPR training in the future.

CONCLUSIONS

Large‐scale, teacher‐implemented CPR education sessions in the middle school setting are a successful approach to increase middle school student's knowledge and comfort in performing HOCPR and to increase overall bystander CPR rates.

     

Development and Validity Testing of the School Health Score Card

BACKGROUND

The objective of this study was to develop the School Health Score Card (SHSC) and validate its psychometric properties.

METHODS

The development of the SHSC questionnaire included 3 phases: item generation, construction of domains and items, and field testing with validation. To assess the instrument's reliability and validity, we recruited 15 middle schools and 15 high schools in the Republic of Korea.

RESULTS

We developed the SHSC questionnaire of 158 items categorized into 5 domains: (1) Governance and Infrastructure, (2) Need Assessment, (3) Planning, (4) Health Prevention and Promotion Program, and (5) Monitoring and Feedback. All SHSC domains and subdomains demonstrated acceptable reliability with good internal consistency. Each domain and subdomain except for “Planning” was associated significantly with students' health status. Most subdomains, including school health philosophy, school policy, communication, the evaluation system, and monitoring, were significantly and negatively associated with student absence.

CONCLUSIONS

The SHSC shows significant association with the overall student health and can be useful in assessing comprehensive school health programs.

     

Genealogies of recovery: The framing of therapeutic ambitions

The notion of recovery has become prominent in mental healthcare discourse in the UK, but it is often considered as if it were a relatively novel notion, and as if it represented an alternative to conventional treatment and intervention. In this paper, we explore some of the origins of the notion of recovery in the early 20th century in movements such as Alcoholics Anonymous and Recovery Inc. Whilst these phenomena are not entirely continuous with recovery in the present day, some important antecedents of the contemporary notion can be detected. These include the focus on the sufferers’ interior space as a key theatre of operations and the reinforcement and consolidation of medical ways of seeing the condition without any immediate medical supervision of the actors being necessary. This has resonance with many contemporary examples of recovery in practice where the art of living with a mental health condition is emphasised without the nature of the psychopathological condition itself being challenged.     

Corporate Philanthropy Toward Community Health Improvement in Manufacturing Communities

Virtually all large employers engage in corporate philanthropy, but little is known about the extent to which it is directed toward improving community health. We conducted in-depth interviews with leaders of corporate philanthropy from 13 of the largest manufacturing companies in the US to understand how giving decisions were made, the extent to which funding was directed towards improving community health, and whether companies coordinate with local public health agencies. We found that corporate giving was sizable and directed towards communities in which the manufacturers have a large presence. Giving was aligned with the social determinants of health (i.e., aimed at improving economic stability, the neighborhood and physical environment, education, food security and nutrition, the community and social context, and the health care system). However, improving public health was not often cited as a goal of corporate giving, and coordination with public health agencies was limited. Our results suggest that there may be opportunities for public health agencies to help guide corporate philanthropy, particularly by sharing community-level data and offering their measurement and evaluation expertise.