Chondrosarcoma of the mobile spine: report on 22 cases

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review of 22 cases of chondrosarcoma arising from the mobile spine. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of oncologic and surgical staging in correlating management and outcome of chondrosarcoma involving the spine. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Approximately 10% of chondrosarcomas arise from the mobile spine, occurring mainly in adults, particularly elderly men. The course of the disease depends on the aggressiveness of the tumor, but also is influenced by the management. Intralesional surgery is followed almost constantly by local recurrence even with adjuvant therapy. METHODS: All charts, radiographs, and images were reviewed. The composite information provided by this review allowed for oncologic and surgical staging of the reviewed cases. According to Enneking criteria, the surgical procedures were defined as curettage (piecemeal excision) or en blocexcision. The margins were submitted to histologic study and reported as intralesional, marginal, or wide. - As primary management, 10 intralesional curettages (follow-up period, 2-119 months; average, 61 months) and 12 en bloc excisions (follow-up period, 39-207 months; average, 97 months) were performed. A total of 33 procedures were performed, including the management of the recurrences (18 curettages and 15 en bloc excisions: one for soft tissue recurrence). A clinical and radiographic follow-up period of of 2 to 236 months (average, 81 months; minimal follow-up period for survivors, 30 months; average follow-up period for survivors, 115 months) was available for all the patients. RESULTS: Three recurrences occurred in 14 patients treated by en bloc excision at onset or for recurrence, two in cases of histologically proven contaminated or intralesional margins. All but one patient were alive at final follow-up evaluation. Conversely, all the patients treated by one or more curettages (with or without adjuvant radiation therapy) had at least one recurrence, and 8 of 10 of these patients died of the disease. At final follow-up evaluation, nine patients had died of the disease; nine were continuously disease free (but one had died of another unrelated malignancy); and four were symptom free after management for recurrences (one was found alive 155 months after a soft-tissue metastasis en-bloc excision). CONCLUSIONS: En bloc excision, with wide or marginal histologic margins, is the suggested management for chondrosarcomas of the spine. Early diagnosis and careful surgical staging and planning are necessary for conducting adequate management. However, tumor contamination of the specimen margins, even in a small area, or spreading of the tumor myxoid content can worsen the prognosis.     

Effects of radial shock waves therapy on osteoblasts activities

Radial shock waves therapy (RSWT) differs from extracorporeal shock waves therapy (ESWT) in that it produces a non-focused wave that is dissipated radially at the skin. Few studies have yet explored the effects of RSWT on bone tissue. Osteoblasts in culture flasks were studied by polymerase chain reaction after treatment with RSW (500 impulses, 0.05?mJ/mm²). An inhibited osteoblastogenesis was observed, with a statistically significant reduction in type 1 collagen, osterix, bone sialoprotein and receptor activator NF kappa ligand expression at 24 and 48?h, of osteocalcin at 24, 48 and 72?h, and osteopontin at 48 and 72?h. These findings show that RSWT is not indicated for treatment of delayed fracture union, pseudoarthrosis, and complex regional pain syndrome. The observed reduction in the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand/osteoprotegerin ratio suggests that it has an inhibiting effect on osteoclastogenesis, which could make it a useful tool for applications in proliferative diseases.     

Plantar-Plate Disruptions: “The Severe Turf-Toe Injury.” Three Cases in Contact Athletes

Objective:

To present 3 cases of plantar-plate rupture and turf-toe injury in contact athletes at 1 university and to discuss appropriate diagnosis and treatment algorithms for each case.

Background:

Turf toe is a common injury in athletes participating in outdoor cutting sports. However, it has been used as an umbrella term to describe many different injuries of the great toe. In some cases, the injury can be so severe that the plantar plate and sesamoid apparatus may be ruptured. These patients may be better managed with surgery than with traditional nonoperative interventions.

Differential Diagnosis:

Turf toe, plantar-plate disruption, sesamoid fracture.

Treatment:

For stable injuries in which the plantar plate is not completely disrupted, nonoperative treatment with casting or a stiff-soled shoe, gradual weight bearing, and rehabilitation is the best practice. Unstable injuries require surgical intervention and plantar-plate repair.

Uniqueness:

Turf toe and injury to the first metatarsophalangeal joint are relatively common injuries in athletes, but few researchers have detailed the operative and nonoperative treatments of plantar-plate disruption in these patients. We examine 3 cases that occurred over 4 seasons on a collegiate football team.

Conclusions:

Turf toe represents a wide array of pathologic conditions involving the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Stress and instability testing are key components to assess in determining whether surgical intervention is warranted to restore optimal function. Stiffer-soled shoes or shoes with steel-plate insertions may help to prevent these injuries and are useful tools for protection during the rehabilitation period.Key Words: metatarsophalangeal joint, great toe, football playersTurf toe is a common injury in athletes participating in outdoor cutting sports. Clanton and Ford¹ reported that injury to the foot was the third leading cause of missed athletic participation. Damage to the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) represents a large percentage of those injuries. However, since Bowers and Martin² coined the term turf toe, it has been a poorly studied topic of substantial controversy. They originally described turf toe as a sprain to the first MTPJ, but in many instances, the injury has been attributed incorrectly to various pathologic conditions involving the first ray.² Turf toe historically has been managed nonoperatively with a stiff-soled shoe or short walking boot. Yet in severe cases, the plantar plate may be ruptured and disrupted. These injuries are easy to overlook on physical examination. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to review 3 cases of injury to the plantar plate of the first MTPJ in contact athletes and to focus on diagnosis and treatment of the more severe toe injuries.     

Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in an area of northeastern Italy with a high incidence of COVID-19 cases: a population-based study

ObjectivesA seroprevalence study of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was conducted in a high-incidence area located in northeastern Italy.MethodsAll citizens above 10 years of age resident in five municipalities of the Autonomous Province of Trento, with the highest incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases, were invited to participate in the study. Among 6098 participants, 6075 sera and a standardized questionnaire administered face-to-face were collected between 5 May and 15 May 2020 and examined. Symptomatic individuals and their family contacts were tested by RT-PCR. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were detected using an Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay, which was performed on the Abbott Architect i2000SR automated analyser. Seroprevalence was calculated as the proportion of positive results among the total number tested. A multivariable logistic regression model was performed to assess the relationship between seropositive versus seronegative individuals for a set of explanatory variables.ResultsA total of 1402 participants were positive for IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, with a prevalence of 23.1% (1402/6075). The highest prevalence was found in the age class 40–49 years. Overall, 34.4% (2096/6098) of the participants reported at least one symptom. The ratio between reported cases identified by molecular test and those with seropositive results was 1:3, with a maximum ratio of about 1:7 in the age group <20 years and a minimum around 1:1 in those >70 years old. The infection fatality rate was 2.5% (35/1402). Among the symptoms, anosmia and ageusia were strongly associated with seropositivity.ConclusionsThe estimated seroprevalence of 23% was three-fold higher than the number of cases reported in the COVID-19 Integrated Surveillance data in the study area. This may be explained in part by a relatively high number of individuals presenting mild or no illness, especially those of younger age, and people who did not seek medical care or testing, but who may contribute to virus transmission in the community.     

A Project to Implement Use of 40% Dextrose Gel for Transient Neonatal Hypoglycemia

ObjectiveTo examine the effect of oral dextrose gel and oral feedings on newborns’ blood sugar homeostasis in the first day of life in an effort to decrease transfers to the NICU.DesignEvidence-based practice project.Setting/Local ProblemObstetric service at a large hospital in northeast Ohio with approximately 5,300 births annually. Neonates who experienced hypoglycemia were often transferred to the NICU for management if treatment measures failed, thereby increasing the cost of care and separating mothers from their newborns. During 2018, there were 54 neonates transferred to the NICU for hypoglycemia.ParticipantsPediatricians, neonatologists, neonatal nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, managers, educators, and registered nurses.Intervention/MeasurementsAn interdisciplinary task force created a nurse-driven protocol and associated order set and also created and provided interdisciplinary education to all involved caregivers using a multimodal approach. Neonates’ charts were audited for the time period of April 2019 to April 2020 to evaluate participants’ compliance with the prescribed practice changes.ResultsThe number of neonates who qualified for blood glucose testing per the new protocol totaled 1,369. Of these, 188 (14%) met criteria for and were treated with 40% dextrose gel. Treatment with 40% dextrose gel was unsuccessful for 25 neonates, who were then transferred to the NICU. This is 29 fewer than were transferred in 2018.ConclusionThe use of oral dextrose gel and oral feedings was associated with a decrease in the number of newborns transferred to a higher level of care for treatment of hypoglycemia.     

uPA‐uPAR molecular complex is involved in cell signaling during neuronal migration and neuritogenesis

Background: In the development of the central nervous system (CNS), neuronal migration and neuritogenesis are crucial processes for establishing functional neural circuits. This relies on the regulation exerted by several signaling molecules, which play important roles in axonal growth and guidance. The urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (uPA)—in association with its receptor—triggers extracellular matrix proteolysis and other cellular processes through the activation of intracellular signaling pathways. Even though the uPA‐uPAR complex is well characterized in nonneuronal systems, little is known about its signaling role during CNS development. Results : In response to uPA, neuronal migration and neuritogenesis are promoted in a dose‐dependent manner. After stimulation, uPAR interacts with α₅‐ and β₁‐integrin subunits, which may constitute an αβ‐heterodimer that acts as a uPA‐uPAR coreceptor favoring the activation of multiple kinases. This interaction may be responsible for the uPA‐promoted phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and its relocation toward growth cones, triggering cytoskeletal reorganization which, in turn, induces morphological changes related to neuronal migration and neuritogenesis. Conclusions : uPA has a key role during CNS development. In association with its receptor, it orchestrates both proteolytic and nonproteolytic events that govern the proper formation of neural networks. Developmental Dynamics 243:676–689, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Neglected Parasitic Infections in the United States: Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasma gondii is a leading cause of severe foodborne illness in the United States. Population-based studies have found T. gondii infection to be more prevalent in racial/ethnic minority and socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. Soil contaminated with cat feces, undercooked meat, and congenital transmission are the principal sources of infection. Toxoplasmosis-associated illnesses include congenital neurologic and ocular disease; acquired illness in immunocompetent persons, most notably ocular disease; and encephalitis or disseminated disease in immunosuppressed persons. The association of T. gondii infection with risk for mental illness is intriguing and requires further research. Reduction of T. gondii in meat, improvements in hygiene and food preparation practices, and reduction of environmental contamination can prevent toxoplasmosis, but more research is needed on how to implement these measures. In addition, screening and treatment may help prevent toxoplasmosis or reduce the severity of disease in some settings.