Epstein-Barr virus as a marker of survival after Hodgkin's lymphoma: a population-based study.

PURPOSE: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) cells has been considered as a prognostic marker for this heterogeneous disease, but studies have yielded mixed findings, likely because of selected patient series and failure to acknowledge an effect of age on outcome. This study assessed survival after HL in a population-based cohort large enough to examine the joint effects of EBV with other factors including age, sex, and histologic subtype. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Included were 922 patients with classical HL diagnosed between mid-1988 and 1997 in the Greater San Francisco Bay Area, with archived biopsy specimens assayed for EBV with immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Vital status was followed through December 30, 2003 (median follow-up time, 97 months). Overall and disease-specific survival were analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS: In children less than 15 years old, EBV presence was suggestively associated (P = .07) with favorable survival. In adults aged 15 to 44 years, EBV did not affect HL outcome, although a protective effect was suggested. In older adults (45 to 96 years), EBV presence nearly doubled the risk of overall and HL-specific mortality but only for patients with nodular sclerosis (NS) histologic subtype (hazard ratio for death = 2.5; 95% CI, 1.5 to 4.3). CONCLUSION: In HL, EBV tumor cell presence is associated with better survival in young patients and poorer survival in older patients with NS, independent of other factors. Variation in outcome by age and histology could indicate biologically distinct disease entities. Evidence that EBV is a meaningful prognostic marker may have therapeutic relevance.     

Modification of MTT assay conditions to examine the cytotoxic effects of amitraz on the human lymphoblastoid cell line, WIL2NS

Reported parameters of the MTT assay vary widely, and reflect a need to optimise the assay for different cell types. The MTT assay conditions for the human B-lymphocyte-derived cell line WIL2NS were optimised for MTT incubation and formazan development. The optimised MTT assay was validated by examining the effects of the acaride amitraz on WIL2NS. In pH-buffered media in the absence of cells, MTT formed formazan spontaneously, and absorbance was proportional to both the initial concentration of MTT and the time of incubation at 37 °C. One milligram per millilitre MTT was toxic to WIL2NS cells, but the accuracy of the standard curve was reduced when only 0.2 mg/ml MTT was used. Twenty percent SDS in 0.2 M HCl was preferable to DMSO as a solvent for formazan. Exposure to 0.035% amitraz resulted in a significant reduction in WIL2NS cell numbers after only 2 h of exposure. It was concluded that 0.035% of amitraz has the potential to adversely affect lymphocytes in the systemic blood system in humans, and that an optimised MTT assay was obtained by incubating WIL2NS cells with 0.45 mg/ml MTT for 17 h, followed by addition of acidified SDS for 1 h.     

‘At the moment it is just a couple of eccentrics doing it’: concordance in day‐to‐day practice

Objectives To assess the feasibility and acceptability of concordance in pharmacy practice through examination of communication between customers and pharmacists in two community pharmacies in consultations for over‐the‐counter medicines. Method A qualitative pilot study involving data drawn from six sources: audiotaped training session with all the pharmacists involved, observational field work in the pharmacies, audiotaped consultations with pharmacists and customers, debriefing interviews with pharmacists after the consultation, and semi‐structured interviews with customers a few days after their consultation. Setting Two community pharmacies that concentrate their services on medicine advice and dispensing, one in a deprived inner‐city area, the other in a more affluent suburban area of London. Key findings The pharmacists developed a personal understanding of concordance which informed their practice. Customers reported a high level of satisfaction with services they received from the respective pharmacists. Their accounts of the consultations verified the pharmacists' patient‐centredness in their day‐to‐day practice. Conclusion The implementation of a concordance model was possible through the development of a personalised, patient‐centred model which drew on the model of concordance but was adapted in accordance with both structural constraints as well as the personal style of the pharmacists involved.     

Preteen children and illegal drugs

In this paper we report the results of research on the nature and extent of legal and illegal drug use among preteens and those factors associated with illegal drug use at this young age. The paper is based upon a survey of 2318 ten to twelve year olds in Glasgow and Newcastle. Overall around 30% of children reported having been exposed to illegal drugs and 3.9% had started to use illegal drugs. There was a significant difference in the level of illegal drug use between our two cities. In most cases the illegal drug use identified on the part of preteens related to cannabis although in a small number of instances children were using heroin, cocaine and LSD. On the basis of this research we estimate that around 60 children in the ten to twelve age range will have used heroin in Glasgow and around 34 pupils will have used the drug in Newcastle. Preteen drug use was significantly associated with frequent smoking and alcohol consumption, with preteens' involvement in a range of problem behaviours, and with family difficulties including the presence of someone else within the family using illegal drugs. The paper concludes by noting some of the challenges that are likely to be faced by services seeking to support children who are using illegal drugs by their preteens.     

The need for pharmaceutical care in the prevention of coronary heart disease: an exploratory study in acute myocardial infarction patients

AIM: To determine guideline-related pharmaceutical care issues for the prevention of coronary heart disease in hospitalised patients admitted for myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS: Consecutive patients admitted with a diagnosis of Q-wave MI to two large teaching hospitals were studied. Relevant patient medical and drug histories, co-morbidities and total cholesterol concentrations were recorded. Primary or secondary prevention treatment prior to admission was assessed using a data collection tool of 16 criteria developed from the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) guidelines. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Frequency of adherence to defined clinical guideline criteria. RESULTS: There were 167 patients reviewed (mean age 65 years, 111 males), representing possible candidates for primary prevention (n = 98) or secondary prevention (n = 69) based on absence or presence of past history of coronary heart disease (CHD), respectively. Possible primary prevention candidates: eight guideline-based criteria were developed from the SIGN guideline. There were 85 (87%) patients with a total cholesterol concentration available on admission of whom 56 (66%) had a predicted CHD risk > or = 15% and 10 (12%) had CHD risk > or = 30%. Of those with CHD risk > or = 15% 6 (11%) had been receiving an anti-platelet agent and of those with CHD risk > or = 30% only 1 (10%) was recorded as taking a statin. Of known hypertensives with CHD risk > or = 15%, 21% (5/24) were not recorded as having received treatment. Secondary prevention candidates: a further eight guideline-based criteria were developed from the SIGN guidelines. There were 42/65 (65%) candidates for aspirin documented as receiving it. There were 22/47 (47%) of those who had a total cholesterol > or = 5 mmol/l and/or known history of hypercholesterolaemia receiving a statin (representing 76% of the known hypercholesterolaemic patients identified in the community). Of statin-treated patients with a cholesterol measured on admission, 44% (7/16) had cholesterol remaining > or = 5 mmol/l. Beta-blocker use was 27/62 (44%) and ACE inhibitors use was 11/31 (36%) of those eligible. Sublingual GTN was recorded in 36/69 (52%). CONCLUSION: The study has identified opportunities for improved pharmaceutical care in primary and secondary CHD prevention among those destined to suffer an MI. Candidates for secondary prevention are potentially identifiable from community pharmacy patient medication records from which the contribution of pharmacists in primary care might be targeted. The findings were obtained during a period of evolution of the evidence-base and so they establish a baseline for future work.     

A realist qualitative study to explore how low‐income pregnant women use Healthy Start food vouchers

Healthy Start is the UK government's food voucher programme for low‐income pregnant women and young children. It was introduced in 2006, but the impact of the programme on nutritional outcomes remains understudied. This study sought to explore potential outcomes of the Healthy Start programme (including intended and unintended outcomes) and develop explanations for how and why these outcomes might occur. A realist review preceded this study, in which programme theories were developed and tested using existing evidence. This qualitative study aimed to further refine and consolidate the programme theories from the realist review while remaining open to new and emerging theories (or hypotheses) about how low‐income pregnant women use Healthy Start vouchers. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 11 low‐income women from North West England, who received Healthy Start vouchers during pregnancy. A realist logic of analysis was applied to generate clear and transparent linkages between outcomes and explanations. The findings suggested that some women used the vouchers to improve their diets during pregnancy (intended outcome), whereas some women were diverted towards alternative or unintended outcomes. Women's circumstances, values, beliefs, and motivations influenced how they perceived and responded to the vouchers. This paper presents four evidence‐based programme theories to explain four contrasting (and potentially overlapping) outcomes: dietary improvements (theory refined from review), shared benefits (new theory), financial assistance (theory refined from review), and stockpiling formula (new theory). It considers how the Healthy Start programme could be improved, to increase the possibilities for low‐income women to experience the intended outcome of dietary improvements.