Über das Verhalten der blutbildenden Organe der erwachsenen Menschen in vitro

Ohne ZusammenfassungMit 10 Abbildungen im Text.Die Arbeit wurde ausgeführt mit Unterstützung der Lady Tata Memorial-Stiftung, der wir für die Ermöglichung unserer Arbeiten zu größtem Danke verpflichtet sind.     

Cerebral sodium sensors in the sodium-deplete sheep

The sodium intake of sodium deplete sheep was studied during local, push-pull perfusion of different solutions within the third cerebral ventricle. Sheep were made sodium deplete by continuous loss of parotid saliva, and were allowed access to 0.6 M NaHCO₃ solution for 2 h daily. Local perfusion within the third cerebral ventricle was performed before and during the access to sodium solution. Four perfusion sites were used: anterior dorsal and ventral, and posterior dorsal and ventral. Perfusion of 200 mM Na-csf caused a decrease in sodium intake at each perfusion site. Perfusion of ouabain, 10⁻⁶M, caused a reduction in sodium intake only during perfusions within the anterior portion of the third ventricle. The results may indicate that specific neuronal elements sensitive to changes in intracellular sodium concentrations are located around the anterior portion of the third cerebral ventricle. These neurones, however, are not exclusive sites from where sodium intake of sodium deplete sheep can be influenced.     

Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure profiles in pediatric patients after renal transplantation

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was applied in 27 pediatric patients aged 6.3 – 24.3 (median 15.0) years who had been transplanted 1.5 – 8.4 years previously. Daytime values were compared with the mean of 10 concomitant casual blood pressure recordings. At the time of the study, antihypertensive drugs were given to 17 patients. Inulin clearance ranged from 18 to 116 (median 66) ml/min per 1.73 m². Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring confirmed hypertension or normotension determined by casual blood pressure measurements in 63% of patients. The physiological nocturnal dip in blood pressure was attenuated or reversed in 8 of 27 patients. It was reduced in all 3 patients with renal artery stenosis of the graft, in 3 of 4 patients with chronic rejection, in the only patient with recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and in 1 of 6 patients with past acute rejection. The dipping was not related to inulin clearance. In conclusion, casual blood pressure measurements do not accurately reflect blood pressure in pediatric patients transplanted more than 1.5 years previously. A reduced nocturnal dip in blood pressure may indicate an underlying renovascular or renoparenchymal pathology. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring should regularly be applied in patients with renal transplants. Received May 23, 1995; received in revised form June 18, 1996; accepted June 20, 1996     

The cortisol awakening response in bipolar illness: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: A growing body of data suggests that a significantly enhanced salivary cortisol response to waking may indicate an enduring tendency to abnormal cortisol regulation. Our objective was to apply the response test to a population already known to have long-term hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis dysregulation. We hypothesized that the free cortisol response to waking, believed to be genetically influenced, would be elevated in a significant percentage of cases, regardless of the afternoon Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST) value. METHOD: Using the free cortisol response to waking and the short daytime profile, we tested 18 clinically stable, lithium-responsive subjects from our long-term naturalistic follow-up of monthly DSTs. These tests include salivary testing every 15 minutes during the first hour of waking, followed by samples taken at 3:00 PM and 8:00 PM. RESULTS: While clinically stable on lithium prophylaxis, patients with bipolar disorder (BD) showed a significantly enhanced salivary cortisol response to waking, compared with control subjects (P < 0.03). Cortisol levels 30 minutes after waking significantly exceeded those in the large normative data provided in the literature (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our observations support the hypothesis that the free cortisol response to waking can reflect relatively enduring HPA dysregulation, even when lithium-responsive BD patients are clinically well and their DSTs are normal. Because the test is easy to administer, the free cortisol response to waking may hold promise as a marker in studies of high-risk families predisposed to, or at risk for, mood disorders.     

Different kinetics of lung clearance of technetium-99m labelled diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid in patients with sarcoidosis and smokers

The rate of clearance from the lungs of inhaled technetium-99m labelled diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (^99mTc-DTPA) is often increased in interstitial lung disease as well as in smoking. In smokers a bi-exponential clearance course of ⁹⁹mTc-DTPA when measured over 3 h has previously been shown. This study was performed to compare the kinetics of clearance of ^99mTc-DTPA, measured for 3 h, in sarcoid patients and healthy smokers. Forty-one never-smoking patients with sarcoidosis and radiological signs of intrathoracic disease were studied. The results were compared with those of 16 healthy current smokers and of 14 healthy never-smokers reported previously. A mono-exponential clearance equation described the clearance in 22 of the sarcoid patients and all normal never-smokers, but with a shorter average tracer half-life in the patients (P<0.05). In 19 patients and all smokers a bi-exponential equation gave a significantly better curve fit. The rate of clearance of the slow component was higher in patients with sarcoidosis than in smokers (P< 0.05). The fraction of the tracer cleared by the fast clearance component was smaller in patients with sarcoidosis than in smokers (P<0.01). Differences in kinetics of clearance of ^99mTc-DTPA in sarcoidosis and smoking could thus be demonstrated, suggesting that the abnormal clearance is caused by diverging pathophysiological mechanisms.     

Physicochemical aspects of drug release. XV. Investigation of diffusional transport in dissolution of suspended, sparingly soluble drugs

The dissolution rates of sparingly soluble, fine particulate, suspended drugs have been studied using a Coulter Counter Model TAII. For two sieve fractions of oxazepam the dissolution rates were monitored in media with varying viscosities brought about by the addition of glycerol, while for griseofulvin the change in the medium's viscosity was induced by changing the temperature. By calculating the dissolution rate, and compensating for differences in particle surface area and media solubility, it was shown that the dissolution rate was diffusion controlled. After additional normalization for the diffusion coefficient, it was suggested that the so-called apparent diffusional distance decreased substantially with particle size. The effect of particle size was more limited above approx. 15 μm.     

CAG repeat polymorphism within the KCNN3 gene is a significant contributor to susceptibility to anorexia nervosa: a case-control study of female patients and several ethnic groups in the Israeli Jewish population.

The human small-conductance Ca(2+)-activated potassium channel gene KCNN3 has been involved in mechanisms underlying neuronal function and plasticity. A multiallelic CAG repeat polymorphism within the KCNN3 has been associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. We have previously reported in a family-based study that longer CAG repeats are preferentially transmitted to patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). The present study extends the analysis of KCNN3 allele distribution to a larger series of AN female patients and control groups, incorporating information on ethnicity and co-morbidities associated with AN. The data analysis is presented while considering separately the two alleles of each individual, namely a minor (shorter) and a major (longer) allele. This study has found that the KCNN3 allele distribution in the general Israeli population does not differ significantly in at least four Jewish ethnic groups of Ashkenazi, North African, Iraqi, and Yemenite origin. These have been used as control groups in a matched case-control analysis that has demonstrated a significant over-representation of KCNN3 alleles with longer CAG repeats among AN patients (P < 0.001 for the major allele and P = 0.035 for allele sum). Under dichotomization, a significantly higher prevalence of the L allele (>19 repeats) has been observed among AN patients (P < 0.001). While considering AN and co-morbid phenotypes, a tendency towards longer (L) alleles has been observed in the subset of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) co-morbidity. These findings further implicate KCNN3 as a significant contributor to predisposition to AN.