Addiction.: By David Marteau. Quay Books Division, Mark Allen Publishing, Ltd, London. 2001, 168pp., {pound}14.99. ISBN: 1-85642-189-9.

Addiction was written by David Marteau, a nurse and former headof treatment at Clouds House. It is a short book offering comprehensivecoverage of the causes, nature and treatment of     

Two pathways of signal transduction are activated in the same cell by different cytokines.

NFS60, a murine leukemia cell line, responds to both interleukin 3 and 6 by proliferating, apparently by different signal transduction pathways. Although stimulation by both cytokines increases the uptake of 3H-arachidonic acid, the response to IL-6 was much faster. Furthermore, the effect of various arachidonic acid metabolites on the response to cytokine was different. PGE2 inhibited IL-6-induced proliferation and potentiated the response to IL-3. Additionally the G proteins which coupled the IL-3 and IL-6 receptor to the proliferative response are probably different, based on the ability of cholera toxin to inhibit the IL-3 but not the IL-6 response. These data are evidence of two pathways of signal transduction.     

The renal clearance of free and peptide-bound deoxypyridinoline: response to pamidronate treatment of Paget's disease.

Bisphosphonate treatment of Paget's disease results in a large decrease in urinary peptide-bound pyridinolines but a smaller decrease in urinary free pyridinolines. This discrepancy could be explained by changes in renal handling of pyridinoline forms. We studied eight patients with Paget's disease treated with pamidronate. We collected blood and urine at baseline and at 3 and 14 days after treatment. We measured free and total deoxypyridinoline (DPD) in serum (S) and urine (U) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The ratio of free to total DPD at baseline was (mean +/- SE) 13 +/- 1% in serum and 37 +/- 3% in urine; at 3 days, this had increased to 25 +/- 3% in serum and 62 +/- 7% in urine. Peptide-bound (pb) DPD decreased significantly 3 days after treatment: UpbDPD -63 +/- 11%, p < 0.001; SpbDPD -51 +/- 8%, p < 0.01. Free DPD decreased in the urine after 14 days: UfDPD -48 +/- 5%, p < 0.01; there was no significant change in SfDPD. The fractional excretion of pbDPD relative to creatinine was less than one at all time-points; however, the fractional excretion of fDPD was significantly greater than one throughout the study. As a consequence, the proportion of free DPD in the urine increased as bone turnover decreased. This resulted in a smaller decrease in urine free compared with peptide-bound DPD in response to bisphosphonate therapy. Thus, the conversion of peptide-bound to free DPD in the kidney may become more efficient as bone turnover decreases as a consequence of pamidronate treatment.     

Linking perceptions of the community to behavior: are protective social factors associated with physical activity?

Although the relationship of psychosocial factors to physical activity has been explored, there is increased interest in how perceptions of the community environment influence behavior. However, few methodological studies have incorporated perceptions of the social and community environment (protective social factors) or addressed key measurement issues. Computer-assisted telephone interviews were administered to a national sample of 1,818 U.S. adults. Unadjusted and multivariate-adjusted odds ratios were calculated to compare active and inactive participants by Protective Social Factors (PSF) scores and selected sociodemographics. Confirmatory factor analysis and reliability analysis suggested strong PSF scale psychometric properties (alpha = .92). After adjustment for potential confounders, a 10-point rise in the PSF score resulted in a 12% increased likelihood of meeting Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/American College of Sports Medicine recommendations. Additional analyses indicated that greater perceived PSFs were associated with meeting these recommendations among Whites but not among African Americans.     

Revision chronic ear surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To report results of revision chronic ear surgery following guidelines of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and to establish expectations for infection and cholesteatoma control and hearing outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case review of all patients who underwent revision chronic ear surgery from January 1, 1990 to December 31, 2000. Revision chronic ear surgery included canal wall up and canal wall down procedures with ossicular chain reconstruction performed as needed. Cholesteatoma control, hearing improvement, and closure of middle ear space are main outcome measures. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. RESULTS: Cholesteatoma recurrence rate was 57% at 1 year after surgery and 14% in patients with a minimum of a 5-year follow-up. Disease control was achieved in 96% of patients. Hearing was significantly improved in all surgical groups. Closure of the air-bone gap for revision partial ossicular replacement prosthesis cases (PORP) to less than 20 dB occurred in 50% of patients. Closure of the air-bone gap to within 30 dB for revision total ossicular replacement prosthesis (TORP) occurred in 60% of patients. Canal wall down status had a significant impact on hearing results after PORPs and TORPs; patients with intact canal walls had significantly better hearing results. Diagnosis of cholesteatoma significantly impacted hearing results for TORPs but not PORPS. CONCLUSIONS: Cholesteatoma control rates after revision surgery are similar to primary cases. Significant improvement in hearing can be expected after revision chronic ear surgery. Hearing results after a revision surgery that requires a PORP is worse than primary cases and is canal wall status dependent. Closure of the middle ear space and creation of a safe dry ear can be expected after revision chronic ear surgery. SIGNIFICANCE: This is a review of a large series of exclusively revision chronic ear surgery. EBM rating: C-4.     

Percutaneous bone marrow grafting of fractures and bony defects. An experimental study in rabbits

Since bone marrow has been shown to contain osteoprogenitor cells, an experiment was devised to test its effects when injected percutaneously into osteotomies and 2-cm bony defects produced in rabbit radii. The parameters tested included callus volume, breaking load, tensile strength, and cross-sectional area of callus at the fracture or bony defect site. At two weeks postgrafting callus volume was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) in the grafted radii than in the contralateral saline controls. By four weeks all four parameters were significantly greater in the bone marrow grafted radii than in the contralateral saline controls. Serial radiographs and histology confirm this advanced fracture healing in the grafted bones. The earlier and more abundant callus, at the bone marrow grafted sites, was felt to provide earlier and greater stability, resulting in decreased early healing time when contrasted with the saline controls. Similarly, the bony defects that were grafted with bone marrow united by a bony bridge, whereas the saline controls did not. Percutaneous bone marrow grafting is a simple semi-invasive technique that may have potential clinical applications.     

Facial reanimation with the VII-XII anastomosis: analysis of the functional and psychologic results

The VII-XII anastomosis has been employed for more than a decade by The Otology Group, P.C., in the facial reanimation of patients undergoing extirpation of tumors involving the cerebellopontine angle and the skull base. A retrospective review based upon a detailed questionnaire and submitted photographic documentation from 61 patients forms the basis for this review. Details and analysis of the functional results include onset of function, synkinetic activity, corneal irritation and associated ophthalmologic problems, facial tone and symmetry, and volitional mimetic function. From a psychosocial perspective, evaluation was made regarding workplace and home acceptance, self consciousness, adaptation, and overall satisfaction. Because of the nature of its technical performance and reliability, the VII-XII anastomosis is an important technique for the otolaryngologist to be familiar with. Cognizance of the functional and psychologic results with this procedure will ensure optimal (yet realistic) rehabilitation for this patient population.