Longitudinal relationships between nutritional status, body composition, and physical fitness in rural children of South Africa: The Ellisras longitudinal study.

The objective of this study was to investigate the development and tracking of nutritional status, body composition and physical fitness, and the longitudinal relationship of changes in nutritional status, and body composition with changes in physical fitness over a 1-year period of follow-up. Studied were 380 boys and 322 girls aged 7-14 years from the Ellisras Longitudinal Study. Boys and girls were divided into two groups of pre-adolescence (<11 years) and adolescence (>10 years). High tracking coefficients (>8) were found for nutritional status, body mass index, and fat-free mass, while low tracking coefficients (<4) were found for the sum of skinfolds, fat mass, arm muscle area, and central fat distribution. Moderate and low tracking coefficients were found for the physical fitness items. Longitudinal regression analyses showed that physical fitness performances that require a high energy flux over a short period of time are affected by muscle wasting, whereas having a low body weight appears to be important for a good performance on other fitness items in these malnourished rural South African children.     

Lung preservation solution substrate composition affects rat lung oxidative metabolism during hypothermic storage

Lungs harvested for transplantation utilize oxygen after procurement. We investigated the effects of storage solution substrate composition on pulmonary oxidative metabolism and energetics during the preservation interval. Rat lungs were harvested and stored at 10 degrees C in low-potassium dextran (LPD) solution. Groups of lungs were preserved with preservation solution containing 5mM carbon-13 ((13)C) labeled glucose or increasing concentrations of (13)C labeled pyruvate. Additional groups of rat lungs were studied with dichloroacetate (DCA) added to the pyruvate-modified preservation solutions. Oxidative metabolism (measured by (13)C-enrichment of glutamate) and adenine nucleotide levels were quantified. Increasing preservation solution pyruvate concentration augmented glutamate (13)C-enrichment up to a concentration of 32mM pyruvate. DCA further stimulated oxidative metabolism only at lower concentrations of pyruvate (4 and 8mM). ATP and ADP were not different among groups, but AMP levels were higher in the glucose group. These data suggest that altering the substrate composition of the preservation solution influences lung metabolism during allograft preservation for transplantation.     

Entamoeba invadens contains the components of a classical adrenergic signaling system

Epinephrine (Epi) was previously found to bypass the need for galactose ligands during early steps in the initiation of Entamoeba encystment. Epinephrine is presumed to act on amoebae through a classical adrenergic signaling pathway that results in the increased production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The object of this study was to verify the existence of an adrenergic like pathway and its response to Epi in both whole Entamoeba trophozoites and purified plasma membrane preparations. Whole trophozoite and purified membrane preparations from Entamoeba invadens responded to the presence of Epi by increasing the production of cAMP. The modulators of heterotrimeric G protein signaling, forskolin (FK), pertussis toxin (PTX) and cholera toxin (CTX), also increased cAMP levels in whole cells and membrane fragments. All of these increases in cAMP were inhibited by specific inhibitors of adenylyl cyclase (AC). Treatment of membrane fragments with epinephrine caused an increased binding of non-hydrolysable GTP analogs. Entamoeba trophozoites therefore appear to contain G-protein-regulated adenylyl cyclase that functions downstream of an adrenergic ligand receptor.     

Temporal expression and cellular origin of CC chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2 and CCR5 in the central nervous system: insight into mechanisms of MOG-induced EAE

Background  

The CC chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2 and CCR5 are critical for the recruitment of mononuclear phagocytes to the central nervous system (CNS) in multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neuroinflammatory diseases. Mononuclear phagocytes are effector cells capable of phagocytosing myelin and damaging axons. In this study, we characterize the regional, temporal and cellular expression of CCR1, CCR2 and CCR5 mRNA in the spinal cord of rats with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (MOG-EAE). While resembling human MS, this animal model allows unique access to CNS-tissue from various time-points of relapsing neuroinflammation and from various lesional stages: early active, late active, and inactive completely demyelinated lesions.     

Hyperglycemic and Hyperosmolar Responses to Graded Hemorrhage

Changes of the arterial plasma osmolality and of the glucose concentration were followed during a 30 min period of graded hemorrhagic hypotension (80, 50, and 30 mmHg) in the cat. Bleeding evoked a significant plasma hyperosmolality at all three hypotension levels and the responses were quantitatively related to the degree of hypotension. An approximate steady state increase in the arterial plasma osmolality was reached about 20 min after the start of the bleeding and it then averaged 8, 20, and 25 mOsm/kg H₂O at 80, 50, and 30 mmHg, respectively. Bleeding also evoked an increase in the plasma glucose concentration, which almost entirely accounted for the observed hyperosmolality, especially at 80 and 50 mmHg. In late stages of hypotension at 30 mmHg, elevated plasma lactate and potassium concentrations contributed to the overall hyperosmolality. — Previous hemorrhagic hypotension experiments at 50 mmHg (Järhult 1975 b) have shown that hyperosmolality serves as an important regulator of the plasma and extracellular fluid volumes during bleeding. The present results indicate that such an osmolar compensatory mechanism is operating over wide ranges of hemorrhagic hypotension.     

Longitudinal studies of drug abuse in a fifteen-year-old population. 5. Prognostic factors

In an attempt to identify prognostic factors, non-drug users and abusers in the Gothenburg year cohort of 1953 were compared with reference to background data. Individuals with chronic abuse differed most from the "normal" group. Prognostic factors for drug abuse were: member of a multiproblem family, child psychiatric care, contact with the Social Welfare Administration at an early age, truancy, placement in special class, premature drop-out from school, admitted high-frequency drug use in a school questionnaire, for boys early registration for crimes and for girls nervous complaints. The results indicate the necessity of earlier and more effective prevention.     

Gastrointestinal Contributions to the Postprandial Experience

Food ingestion induces homeostatic sensations (satiety, fullness) with a hedonic dimension (satisfaction, changes in mood) that characterize the postprandial experience. Both types of sensation are secondary to intraluminal stimuli produced by the food itself, as well as to the activity of the digestive tract. Postprandial sensations also depend on the nutrient composition of the meal and on colonic fermentation of non-absorbed residues. Gastrointestinal function and the sensitivity of the digestive tract, i.e., perception of gut stimuli, are determined by inherent individual factors, e.g., sex, and can be modulated by different conditioning mechanisms. This narrative review examines the factors that determine perception of digestive stimuli and the postprandial experience.     

The Potential of Anti-Bullying Efforts to Prevent Academic Failure and Youth Crime. A Case Using the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program (OBPP)

Prevention Science - The effectiveness of bullying prevention programs has led to expectations that these programs could have effects beyond their primary goals. By reducing the number of victims...     

非脱垂子宫经阴道与经腹切除的比较

目的：对非脱垂的良性子宫疾病全子宫切除的不同方法进行评价,以便合理地制定手术方案,方法：非脱垂子宫行阴道全子宫切除（VH）15例,随机选择同期良性子宫疾病行经腹全子宫切除术（TAH）15例,采用对照研究方法,对一般临床资料,手术、术后恢复、住院日和费用等进行对照分析。结果：VH2例中转经腹手术,成功率87％,两组一般临床资料、诊断、子宫大小、麻醉、手术范围、失血量差异无显著性,VH术后无伤痛,用止痛药仅23％,TAH15例均有伤口痛,用止痛药47％,住院日、经费及总费用VH明显少于TAH,两组差异有显著意义（P＝0．0027、0．0447、0．0162）。结论对良性子宫疾病全子切除VH显示的优势特别适合我国国情,大子宫并非手术禁忌,明确VH的禁忌以利于VH在临床推广应用。