Development and Measurement of the Treatment Perceptions Survey (TPS) for Clients with Substance Use Disorders

The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research - Statistical reliability of the Treatment Perceptions Survey (TPS) questionnaire was examined using data from 19 California counties. The...     

中药单体调控自噬干预胚胎植入的研究进展

胚胎植入是生殖过程中最关键的步骤之一,植入失败的胚胎无法继续发育,是导致不孕的重要原因之一。胚胎植入的成功依赖于子宫内膜的高容受性和具有植入能力的胚胎。自噬是细胞质、细胞器和内含物被双膜囊泡吸收并运输到溶酶体进行降解和再循环的过程,是一种维持内环境稳态的方式。大量证据表明,自噬在胚胎植入的各个环节有着重要的作用。基于此探讨了自噬与子宫内膜容受性和胚胎植入能力的关系,并根据最新的研究进展,梳理了大黄素、梓醇、芍药苷、白藜芦醇、叶酸、玉米赤霉烯酮、姜黄素、汉黄芩素、槲皮素、白杨素、小檗碱、芹菜素、菲西汀、山柰酚在内的14种中药单体调控自噬干预胚胎植入的不同环节的5个机制,包括促进子宫内膜基质细胞蜕膜化、促进细胞凋亡、调节激素水平、协调炎症、促进排卵,希望对今后中药单体提高胚胎植入的成功率提供参考及思路。     

经典名方当归补血汤的古代文献分析与考证

当归补血汤出自金元时期李东垣《内外伤辨惑论卷中·暑伤胃气论》,是一首被历代医家传承发扬的补气生血经典名方,已被收录于2018年国家中医药管理局公布《古代经典名方目录（第一批）》。通过系统梳理古籍文献及现代文献,并结合古代经典名方关键信息考证原则,对经典名方当归补血汤的历史源流、组成、剂量、炮制、制法与煎服法、功效与应用进行考证分析。共收集相关古籍文献信息604条,其中涉及中医古籍186部,其中40部（金元5部,明19部,清16部）中医古籍详细记载了组成、炮制、剂量等内容。有关当归补血汤组成,主要为当归和黄芪;根据古今剂量折算,黄芪37.3~38.1 g,当归7.5~7.6 g;黄芪宜采用蜜炙,当归为酒当归;加入水600 mL,煎至300 mL,饭前温服。该方古籍主要记载功效为血虚发热,证见肌热、燥热,烦渴引饮,目赤面红,昼夜不息,脉洪大而虚,重按无力,是补气生血名方。现代研究表明,当归补血汤常用于治疗各种贫血、糖尿病肾病、肿瘤、心脑血管疾病。上述研究结果为经典名方当归补血汤后期开发研究提供了参考依据。     

肉桂醛通过PINK1/Parkin信号通路介导的线粒体自噬促进糖尿病大鼠创面愈合机制

目的 采用高糖高脂饲料喂养联合腹腔注射链尿佐菌素（STZ）及手术制备全层皮肤缺损的方法制备糖尿病大鼠创面模型,观察肉桂醛对糖尿病大鼠创面愈合情况的影响,并基于PTEN诱导假定激酶（PINK）1/帕金森病蛋白（Parkin）信号通路介导的线粒体自噬探讨肉桂醛对糖尿病大鼠创面的治疗机制。方法 48只雄性SD大鼠随机分为空白组12只,糖尿病组36只,糖尿病组随机分为模型组、肉桂醛组和贝复新组,每组12只,空白组与模型组创面常规消毒后予生理盐水,肉桂醛组创面局部外敷含4 μmol·L^-1肉桂醛的聚乙二醇400（PEG 400）凝胶,贝复新组创面外敷贝复新凝胶,每日换药1次。观察各组创面愈合率,取干预后7、14 d大鼠创面组织,苏木素-伊红（HE）染色观察局部组织病理变化,免疫组化（IHC）检测白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）、胶原纤维的表达情况,免疫荧光（IF）、实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（Real-time PCR）检测PINK1、Parkin、微管相关蛋白1轻链3Ⅱ（LC3Ⅱ）蛋白和mRNA的表达情况。结果 腹腔注射STZ后,与空白组比较,糖尿病组大鼠随机血糖值显著升高（P<0.01）,均高于16.7 mmol·L^-1,且在造模后一段时间持续保持高血糖状态。与空白组比较,模型组大鼠创面肉芽组织生长、愈合情况较差,创面愈合率显著降低（P<0.01）;干预后7 d,空白组创面已有鳞状上皮覆盖,与空白组比较,模型组大鼠创面仅创缘少量结痂,创面中大量炎细胞浸润,组织IL-6、TNF-α蛋白表达水平显著上升（P<0.01）,PINK1、Parkin、LC3Ⅱ蛋白表达及mRNA水平显著降低（P<0.01）;干预后14 d,空白组创面肉芽组织成熟,愈合良好,与空白组比较,模型组创面炎细胞浸润和红细胞渗出尚未完全消退,组织VEGF、胶原纤维蛋白表达水平显著降低（P<0.01）,PINK1、Parkin、LC3Ⅱ蛋白表达及mRNA水平显著升高（P<0.01）。与模型组比较,肉桂醛组和贝复新组大鼠创面愈合情况较好,创面愈合率显著升高（P<0.01）,干预后7 d组织IL-6、TNF-α蛋白表达水平显著降低（P<0.01）,PINK1、Parkin及LC3Ⅱ蛋白表达及mRNA水平显著升高（P<0.01）,干预后14 d组织VEGF、胶原纤维蛋白表达水平显著上升（P<0.01）,PINK1、Parkin、LC3Ⅱ蛋白表达及mRNA水平显著降低（P<0.01）。结论 肉桂醛能促进糖尿病创面愈合,上调创面愈合率,降低炎症因子IL-6、TNF-α的水平,增加VEGF、胶原纤维蛋白的水平,其机制可能是通过调节PINK1/Parkin信号通路表达,激活线粒体自噬,抑制炎症反应,增加血管新生和胶原合成,从而达到促进糖尿病大鼠创面愈合的目的。     

氧化应激在溃疡性结肠炎中的作用及中医药防治研究进展

溃疡性结肠炎（UC）是一种临床常见的消化系统疾病,致病机制尚不明确,病情复杂多变,迁延难愈,治疗周期漫长,且无特效药。目前,UC的治疗多采用皮质类固醇、氨基水杨酸及生物制剂等西医手段,短时间起效快,疗效确切。但随着用药时间的延长,部分患者会出现耐药性和加剧病情发展,导致结肠癌的发生。有研究发现,氧化应激是UC重要的致病因素之一,影响着UC的发生、发展。氧化应激是机体内氧化产物与抗氧化系统不平衡的一种应激状态,丙二醛（MDA）、活性氧（ROS）、一氧化氮（NO）等氧化产物的过表达或者超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）抗氧化酶的不足都会导致氧化应激的发生。值得注意的是,中医药作为我国独有的医学特色,运用中医药治疗UC疾病已经取得显著的成效。研究表明,中医药一方面通过抑制代谢产物的堆积,有效抑制UC发生,另一方面,通过提高抗氧化系统,达到拮抗UC发展的治疗效果。因此,以中医药调节氧化平衡状态作为诊疗思路,可能是未来治疗UC疾病的新手段、新方向。基于上述研究,该文总结了氧化应激关键致病蛋白与UC发生、发展的作用机制,归纳了中药有效成分、单味中药、中药复方、针灸调控氧化应激上下游靶点蛋白,减轻肠黏膜病理损害,降低结肠损伤指数,以及丰富肠道菌群,增加结肠长度,改善UC临床症状,以期为扩大中医药治疗UC疾病的应用范围,提供可靠的科学理论依据。     

“4+7”集中带量采购实施效果分析--基于9试点地区药品销售数据

目的:剖析“4+7”集中带量采购政策的实施效果。方法:基于药品销售数据及中标企业年报数据,对纳入“4+7”集中带量采购范围的药品在政策实施前后的销售额,原研厂家、中标企业及其他企业的销售额及市场占有率进行对比分析,同时对部分中标企业营收情况的变化进行比较。结果:“4+7”集中带量采购实施后,绝大部分纳入集采品种销售额较往年有显著下降,其中,原研企业、其他企业均有较大幅度下滑,中标企业虽涨跌参半,但已形成对仿制药市场的垄断。此外,“4+7”集中带量采购能够在一定程度上起到促进药品生产企业积极转型,加大研发投入的作用。结论:集中带量采购颇有成效,坚持之余要慎防垄断;要完善医保支付标准的建设,健全原研药、仿制药、过专利期原研药的联动机制;集中带量采购的品种选择应由“点”至“面”。     

Effects of a single bout of short-duration high-intensity and long-duration low-intensity exercise on insulin resistance and adiponectin/leptin ratio

ObjectivesModerate-intensity exercise improves insulin sensitivity, which may depend on the intensity, duration, and frequency of exercise. We examined the effects of a single bout of short-duration high-intensity exercise (HIE) and long-duration lowintensity exercise (LIE) on insulin sensitivity and the adiponectin/leptin ratio in individuals with different body mass indices (BMIs) who do not exercise regularly.MethodsWe enrolled 42 healthy volunteers aged 20–64 years and divided them into two groups based on BMI: BMI <24 kg/m² and BMI ≥27 kg/m². They were randomly assigned to either the short-duration (20 min) HIE (70%–80% heart rate reserve, HRR) or long-duration (60 min) LIE training groups (30%–40% HRR). Glucose, insulin, adiponectin, and leptin levels were assessed before training and at 0, 30, 60, and 120 min after training.ResultsWe finally analyzed 27 normal weight and 9 obese individuals. No significant differences were observed in the baseline information of both BMI groups. Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance significantly improved for both exercise patterns in the normal weight group and for the HIE pattern in the obese group (P < 0.01), whereas the adiponectin/leptin ratio increased significantly only among normal weight participants with the LIE intervention.ConclusionBoth exercise patterns in BMI <24 kg/m² and BMI ≥27 kg/m² benefit on insulin resistance. Therefore, people can choose the way they can fit to improve insulin resistance both short-duration high-intensity exercise and long-duration low-intensity exercise.     

Optimal Household Water Access Fosters the Attainment of Minimum Dietary Diversity among Children Aged 6–23 Months in Malawi

Along with sanitation and hygiene, water is a well-known driver of child undernutrition. However, a more direct role of household (HH) water access in shaping dietary diversity remains unexplored. We assessed the association between HH water access and achievement of minimum dietary diversity (MDD) among young children. We utilized nationally-representative cross-sectional data from the 2015/16 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey, which included 4727 mother–child dyads, respectively, (26.8 ± 6.8 years, range 15–49 years) and (13.9 ± 4.9 months, range 6–23 months). HH water access was categorized as (1) basic or no access, (2) intermediate, or (3) optimal. MDD was defined as feeding a child, during the previous day, at least four of the food groups defined by the World Health Organization. Only 27.7% of the children achieved MDD standards; most of the children who achieved MDD were from HHs with optimal water access (58.4%, p < 0.001). However, only 5.9% of the mother–child dyads were from HHs with optimal water access. After adjusting for covariates, children from HHs with optimal water access had higher odds of achieving MDD than those from HHs with basic or no water access (aOR = 1.74, CI = 1.24–2.46). Our results highlight the need to incorporate water-based strategies into national nutritional policies to increase dietary diversity among Malawian infants and young children.     

Assessing the Impact of Salt Reduction Initiatives on the Chronic Disease Burden of Singapore

Globally, many countries are facing an increasing burden of chronic disease due to ageing populations, of which cardiovascular disease forms a large proportion. Excess dietary sodium contributes to cardiovascular disease risk and requires intervention at a population level. This study aimed to quantify the impact of several salt reduction initiatives on population health over a 30-year horizon using GeoDEMOS, a population model from Singapore. Four interventions were modelled in four demographic groups in 2020 for a total of 16 intervention scenarios. The effect of 0.5, 2.0, and 4.0 g/day reductions in daily salt consumption, along with adherence to the World Health Organization guidelines of a maximum of 5.0 g of salt each day, was modelled in the entire population, including the overweight and obese, the elderly, and diabetics. In each scenario, the number of averted incident cases of acute myocardial infarction and stroke, along with the disability-adjusted life years up to 2050, was monitored. We found 4.0 g/day reductions in salt consumption were the most effective when implemented across the entire population, resulting in 24,000 averted incident cases of cardiovascular disease and 215,000 disability-adjusted life years over 30 years. This is a large figure when compared with the 29,200 projected annual incident cases of cardiovascular disease in 2050. When targeted at specific high-risk demographic groups, the largest effects were observed in the overweight and obese, with the same intervention yielding 10,500 averted incident cases of cardiovascular disease and 91,500 disability-adjusted life years. Quantifying the benefits of salt reduction initiatives revealed a significant impact when administered across the entire population or the overweight and obese. Health promotion efforts directed toward sustainably reducing salt consumption will help to lower the chronic disease burden on the healthcare system in years to come.     

Less Is Better: How Nutrition and Low-Carbon Labels Jointly Backfire on the Evaluation of Food Products

(1) Background: Labeling is one of the significant strategies to guide sustainable consumption behaviors. Nowadays, multi labels being displayed on the front-of-pack of food products is a common phenomenon. However, labels seldom operate solo, and competition or complement effects may be exerted on different labels. Therefore, the research objective is to explore the interaction effect when nutrition and low-carbon labels appear simultaneously; (2) Methods: Across four scenario-based experiments, including ice cream, yogurt, steak, and toast, this study manipulated the separate and joint occurrences of low-carbon and nutrition labels, the interaction effect of joint labels was tested, and the serial mediation model, which includes resource allocation and anticipated enjoyment of food consumption, was verified; (3) Results: Results show that people have a positive preference for the nutrition label and the carbon label, respectively, while these two labels working simultaneously attenuate the positive effect of the single label. When facing nutrition and carbon labels simultaneously, people would infer partial resources are allocated to healthy and environmental aspects so they have a lower anticipated enjoyment from food consumption. Thus, these two labels working simultaneously attenuate the positive effect of the single label, and consumers have a lower evaluation of food products. In addition, the joint backfire on the effect is only exerted on people with a higher level of zero-sum bias and only when joint labels have a high consistency of labels; (4) Conclusions: This study solved the contradictory problem of the joint effect of positive labels. The findings in this research contribute to promote sustainable food consumption. We suggest that similar labels should be avoided in the same front-of-pack of food, and manufacturers need to use ads to bring down consumers’ zero-sum bias.