The introduction of treatment and the cultural adaptability of western psychotherapies for eating disorders in China

In the past 40 years, the prevalence of eating disorders (ED) in China has shown an increasing trend, leading to an urgent need to develop efficient treatment modes and methods. Since the beginning of the new century, the diagnosis, treatment, and research of ED in China have been under development. This article gives an introduction and commentary on the treatment modes, treatment methods and their applications in ED in China. There are two main treatment forms for ED until now, that is, inpatient treatment and outpatient treatment. Inpatient treatment is recommended as the first choice. Since 2008, clinical psychotherapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), and family-based treatment (FBT), which are effective for pathological symptoms of ED, have been introduced into China and developed clinically. Group CBT and group DBT for patients with ED and group FBT for caregivers might be the most efficient psychotherapy in China nowadays. A multi-family FBT support group could be developed as the basic treatment of ED patients. Although these new types of psychotherapy have observed effectiveness in clinical application, the Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT) are rare and need to be developed.     

Inhibition of inflammatory angiogenesis in rats by loco-regional administration of hydrocortisone and protamine

We have studied the antiangiogenetic effects of hydrocortisone and protamine given intra-arterially. The cornea of male, Sprague-Dawley rats were cauterized with silver nitrate. The following treatments were given :30 g hydrocortisone topical (t.p.), b.i.d., 50 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally (i.p.) or intra-arterially (i.a.), 10 mg/ kg/day protamine i.p. or i.a. Saline was administered to the control groups. In separate experiments we also evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of hydrocortisone, i.p., on the cauterized corneas.Five days after cauterization, the animals were killed, exsanguinated and India ink was injected to show the network of neovessels. The percentage area of the cornea covered by neovessels was measured morphometrically and evaluated statistically. Hydrocortisone t.p. (–84%), i.a. (–60%) and protamine i.a. (–44%) significantly inhibited angiogenesis in the cauterized cornea. Either drugs, i.p., had any antiangiogenetic effects, but hydrocortisone significantly reduced cell infiltration of the corneas. The results suggest that locoregional administration of antiangiogenetic drugs might be clinically useful.     

Potentiation of NMDA and AMPA responses by the specific mGluR5 agonist CHPG in spinal cord motoneurons.

The specific metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)5 agonist (RS)-2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine (CHPG) is able to potentiate NMDA and AMPA responses recorded from ventral roots of the isolated hemisected baby rat spinal cord. Previously we have demonstrated that activation of group I mGluRs (mGluR1 and mGluR5) with the broad spectrum mGluR agonist 1S,3R-1-amino-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylate (ACPD) produced potentiation of ionotropic glutamate responses. In contrast to ACPD-induced potentiation, however, no evidence for an involvement of protein kinase C (PKC) is found in the CHPG-induced potentiation of both NMDA and AMPA depolarization because the PKC blockers chelerythrine chloride or calphostin C did not antagonize this effect. Moreover, in the absence of Ca2+ in the perfusing medium or depleting intracellular Ca2+ stores with thapsigargin or dantrolene did not modify the CHPG-induced enhancement of NMDA depolarizations. Phorbol-12,13-diacetate (PDA), on the other hand, was able to attenuate this effect, which was reversed by chelerythrine chloride. These results suggest that both mGluR5 and mGluR1 may act to enhance ionotropic glutamate responses but the two types of mGluRs may have different intracellular mechanisms of action.     

应用改进的眼震图检查先天性眼球震颤

目的评价改进后的眼震图对先天性眼球震颤波形的分析,为其手术治疗提供较为精确的量化标准.方法改进电生理仪的视网膜电图(EOG)程序,分别记录68例患者33cm原在位、右5°、10°、15°、20°,左5°、10°、15°、20°,3m原在位及闭眼的波形,并对其中28例手术患者术前和术后的眼震图进行比较.结果68例患者中,跳动型48例,其中水平跳动46例,垂直跳动2例;水平钟摆型20例.跳动型中,有代偿头位的40例,钟摆型无明显代偿头位.28例手术患者中,水平跳动型26例,水平钟摆型2例.26例跳动型患者均有中间位和代偿头位.术后20例代偿头位消失,6例代偿头位在左5°～10°.按震频、振幅、震强的分组中,处于中等震频、振幅、震强范围内的多见.结论改进的眼震图可以对眼震的振幅、震频、震强、中间位进行量化的检测,从而指导其治疗.     

In vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of the eight steroid saponins from Tribulus terrestris L. with potent activity against fluconazole-resistant fungal pathogens

Antifungal activity of natural products is being studied widely. Saponins are known to be antifungal and antibacterial. We have isolated eight steroid saponins from Tribulus terrestris L. , namely TTS-8, TTS-9, TTS-10, TTS-11, TTS-12, TTS-13, TTS-14 and TTS-15. TTS-12 and TTS-15 were identified as tigogenin-3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl（1→ 2）-[-β-D-xylopyranosyl（ 1 → 3 ） 3-β- D-glucopyranosyl （ 1 → 4 ）- 1- α-L-rhamnopyranosyl （ 1 → 2 ） 3-β-D-galactopyranoside and tigogenin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranpyranosyl（1→2）-[-β-D-xylopyranosyl（1→ 3）3-β-D-glucopyranosyl（1→4）-β-D-galactopyranoside, respectively. The in vitro antifungal activities of the eight saponins against six fluconazole-resistant yeasts, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida para psilosis , Candida tropicalis , Candida krusei , and Cryptococcus neo f ormans were studied using microbroth dilution assay. The results showed that TTS-12 and TTS-15 were very effective against several pathogenic candidal species and C. neoformans in vitro. It is noteworthy that TTS-12 and TTS-15 were very active against fluconazole-resistant C. albicans （MIC80 = 4.4, 9.4 mg/ml）, C. neoformans （MIC80 =10.7, 18.7 mg/ml） and inherently resistant C. krusei （MIC80 =8.8, 18.4 mg/ml）. So in vivo activity of TTS-12 in a vaginal infection model with fluconazole-resistant C. albicans was studied in particular. Our studies revealed TTS-12 also showed in vivo activities against fluconazole-resistant yeasts. In conclusion, steroid saponins TTS-12 and TTS-15 from Tribulus terrestris L. have significant in vitro antifungal activity against fluconazole-resistant fungi, especially TTS-12 also showed in vivo activity against fluconazole-resistant C. albicans.