Respiratory sinus arrhythmia during speech production.

The amplitude of the respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) was investigated during a reading aloud task to determine whether alterations in respiratory control during speech production affect the amplitude of RSA. Changes in RSA amplitude associated with speech were evaluated by comparing RSA amplitudes during reading aloud with those obtained during rest breathing. A third condition, silent reading, was included to control for potentially confounding effects of cardiovascular responses to cognitive processes involved in the process of reading. Calibrated respiratory kinematics, electrocardiograms (ECGs), and speech audio signals were recorded from 18 adults (9 men, 9 women) during 5-min trials of each condition. The results indicated that the increases in respiratory duration, lung volume, and inspiratory velocity associated with reading aloud were accompanied by similar increases in the amplitude of RSA. This finding provides support for the premise that sensorimotor pathways mediating metabolic respiration are actively modulated during speech production.     

Comparing the validity of clinician-generated diagnosis of conduct disorder to the diagnostic interview schedule for children.

Clinician diagnoses of conduct disorder (CD) were compared to the diagnoses of CD generated by a structured interview against an observed criterion. Participants were 534 youth from a large residential program in the Midwest for delinquent youth. Rates of in-program CD behaviors were gathered from staff observations of the youth over a 9-month time period. Youth diagnosed with CD by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC) displayed significantly more CD behaviors in the first 6 months of treatment compared to both youth without an externalizing disorder and youth diagnosed with CD by a clinician. Youth diagnosed with CD by a clinician had rates of CD identical to youth without an externalizing disorder. Clinicians may have weighted contextual information more heavily, as this group was significantly more likely to have an arrest record. Results support the use of structured interviews and provide evidence that typical clinician diagnoses may lack adequate validity.     

A comprehensive strategy for the evaluation and triage of the chest pain patient: A cost comparison study

BACKGROUND: Our objective was to determine the cost-effectiveness of a comprehensive, risk-based triage system, composed of multiple critical pathways, with the use of early myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) in low-risk patients. We found previously that a chest pain evaluation system that uses MPI in low-risk patients was safe and effective, but the cost-effectiveness of this approach was not studied. METHODS AND RESULTS: We compared two groups. The Acute Cardiac Team (ACT) group (n = 874) was assigned prospectively to 1 of 4 risk levels by emergency department (ED) physicians. Level 1, 2, and 3 patients were admitted; level 4 patients were evaluated in the ED. Level 3 and 4 patients underwent ED MPI. The control group (n = 713) represented consecutive patients evaluated in the prior year according to standard care and assigned retrospectively to an ACT level based on the presenting electrocardiographic and clinical data. Record and hospital administrative data were assessed for clinical variables, outcomes, lengths of stay, and all expenses incurred within 30 days of the index visit. The baseline characteristics of the two groups were similar, including age, sex, myocardial infarction prevalence, and 30-day revascularization rates within each level or between the two groups. Mean costs per encounter were reduced for the ACT patients for each level, which was significant when all patients were compared ($5,030 +/- $7,081 vs $6,044 +/- $10,432, P =.02). Use of MPI in the low-risk patients was associated with reduced costs (level 3, $4,958 +/- $4,948 vs $5,051 +/- $7,036; level 4, $1,529 +/- $2,664 vs $1,794 +/- $6,854) and was associated with a significantly lower angiography rate and shorter length of stay. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of a comprehensive strategy for chest pain evaluation and triage reduced overall costs for patients with chest pain on presentation. Acute MPI in the ED setting did not increase net cost.     

Flavor preference conditioning by oral self-administration of ethanol

 Oral self-administration and operant tasks have been used successfully to confirm ethanol′s positive reinforcing effects in rats. However, in flavor conditioning tasks, ethanol is typically found to have aversive effects. The present studies explored this apparent paradox by examining the change in value of a flavor paired with orally self-administered ethanol in two different limited-access procedures. Rats were food-deprived and trained to drink (experiment 1) or to barpress for (experiment 2) 10% (v/v) ethanol during daily 30-min sessions using prandial initiation techniques. All rats were then exposed to a differential flavor conditioning procedure in which banana or almond extract was added to the drinking solution. One flavor (counterbalanced) was always mixed with ethanol (CS+), whereas the other flavor was mixed with water (CS–). By the end of conditioning, rats in both experiments drank more flavored ethanol than flavored water, confirming ethanol’s efficacy as a reinforcer. Moreover, barpress rates for CS+ exceeded those for CS– in the operant task. Ethanol doses self-administered in final sessions averaged about 1 g/kg. The effect of the flavor-ethanol contingency was assessed in preference tests that offered a choice between the two flavor solutions without ethanol. In both experiments, subjects developed a preference for the flavor that had been paired with ethanol. Thus, the outcome of flavor conditioning was consistent with that of the oral self-administration tasks in providing evidence of ethanol’s rewarding effects. These experiments confirm and extend previous studies showing that flavor aversion is not the inevitable result of flavor-ethanol association in rats. It seems likely that ethanol’s nutrient and pharmacological effects both contributed to the development of conditioned flavor preference. Received: 15 February 1997 / Final version: 11 June 1997     

cDNA Sequencing of the 5′ Noncoding Region (5′ NCR) to Determine Hepatitis C Genotypes in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C

Reports suggest that response tointerferon-alpha therapy is influenced by both hepatitisC viral genotype and titer. Our aim was to determine ifdirect, automated, cycle sequencing of the PCR productfrom an HCV RNA detection assay could be used toreliably determine HCV genotype. In addition, theapproach was used to determine the HCV genotypedistribution in our patient population and to learn ifthere was a correlation between HCV genotype and RNAtiter that could be used to predict response totreatment. In all 143 consecutive patients were testedfor both HCV RNA titer and genotype. Automated, cycle sequencing of PCR product was highly effectiveand failed to yield a genotype in only 3 (2%) patients.The distribution of HCV genotypes was: 1a (40%), 1b(39%), 2a (2%), 2b (6%), 3a (4%). There were significant differences in the median HCV RNA titersbetween genotypes 1, 2, and 3. 6 High HCV RNA titers>4.4 × 10⁶ copies/ml were only seenin genotype 1. However, the HCV RNA level should not beused as a surrogate marker of genotype because of a significantoverlap of titers within the genotypes.     

Source agreement in assessing youth stress and negative affectivity: New evidence for an old problem

The present study examined dichotomies potentially relevant to parentchild and interparent agreement in the assessment of internalizing problems in youngsters. Specifically, 98 children and their parents completed the Daily Life Stressors Scale or a variant to examine child ratings of daily stress, parent ratings of their children's daily stress, and parent predictions of how their children would self-rate their stress. In addition, a distinction was made between subscores of negative affectivity and stressful life events. Results indicated moderate parent-child and interparent agreement, with the latter somewhat more influenced by a negative affectivity-stressful events dichotomy. Parent-child agreement appeared more enhanced for items involving more parental contact. Implications of these data for future research are discussed.     

Booze on the box: The portrayal of alcohol on British television: a content analysis

The portrayal of alcohol was examined in a systematic sampleof 50 programmes broadcast on British television. Four out offive programmes contained visual or verbal references to alcohol.On average, there was a reference to alcohol in every 6 minutesof programming. The programmes showed more alcohol being consumedthan soft drinks or beverages, but there were few referencesto the hazards of alcohol consumption. The main recommendationis that television companies should accept a responsibilityfor presenting a more realistic and healthier approach to theuse of alcohol in Britain