Emergency Preparedness for Health Professionals in a Statewide AHEC Program: the first two years.

In 2003 through 2005, the California Statewide Area Health Education Centers (AHEC) Program developed an educational delivery system, through partnerships with six AHECs and state organizations concerned with emergency preparedness, to train for public health emergency preparedness the health professionals who practice primarily in the state's medically underserved areas. Four educational modules--General Emergency Preparedness, Bioterrorism, Chemical and Radiologic Agents, and Emerging Infections--were developed and delivered by a trained, multidisciplinary, community-based faculty. The authors discuss the organization, partnerships, curriculum, faculty, characteristics of trainees, outcomes of the program, effects for AHECs, and the evaluation used to commit the organization and program process to the intended program objectives during the two-year period. Over 9,000 health professionals attended one or more of the 462 educational presentations. Approximately one third of attendees were physicians, and 82% of the learners were from sites that typically care for the underserved. Important to the success of the program (which still continues in a revised form) were the types of partnerships, an orientation of the curriculum to all-hazards disaster preparedness, the delivery of educational sessions at clinical sites, and the increased capacities of community AHECs to facilitate continuing professional education. The challenges were the diminished role of a key partner organization, uncertainties within the funding agency, and the widespread geographic area to address.     

Effects of different perfusates on functional parameters of isolated perfused dog kidneys.

BACKGROUND: The isolated perfused canine kidney has been established as a valid model for conducting both renal physiology and transplantation research. This model is of particular importance for developing new strategies to improve graft function after renal transplantation. In the present study, a newly developed method using isolated haemoperfused porcine kidneys was adapted for use in canine kidneys. In contrast to haemoperfusion, synthetic perfusion media can be standardized and can prevent the initiation of blood-mediated reperfusion reactions. Thus, an additional aim was to determine whether blood could be replaced by synthetic cell-free perfusion solutions. METHODS: Canine kidneys (n = 30) were harvested from donors euthanized in veterinary practices for causes unrelated to the present study. The kidneys were isolated and perfused with autologous blood or cell-free synthetic electrolyte buffer (Tyrode solution). During perfusion, we monitored renal perfusate flow (RPF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), electrolyte and glucose reabsorption, oxygen consumption and urine concentration. RESULTS: Changes in perfusion medium did not affect the RPF. In contrast, GFR, urine concentration and oxygen consumption were significantly higher, whereas fractional excretion of sodium and glucose were significantly lower in blood- than in Tyrode-perfused kidneys. CONCLUSIONS: This system offers a simple model for studying whole-organ functional alterations after acute renal ischaemia. Renal function indicators were below values reported during in vivo physiological conditions. These functions were better conserved when kidneys were perfused with autologous blood than with Tyrode.     

Acquired dyschromatopsia in combined exposure to solvents and alcohol

Hypothesis: Does occupational exposure to solvents in combination with alcohol intake give rise to acquired color vision defects? Method: A total of 138 individuals exposed to solvents (toluene, xylene, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene) were examined using Lanthony’s D-15 test and compared with 100 nonexposed controls. The extent of color vision loss was quantitatively assessed based on Bowman’s color confusion index (CCI). A cumulative exposure index was calculated from the hours of exposure per day and the years of exposure. In 30 persons who were exposed to trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene, urinary trichloroacetic acid was assessed as a parameter of exposure. Alcohol intake was calculated as based on interviews of patients in grams of ethyl alcohol per week. Results: Individuals who consumed more than 250 g alcohol/week and were simultaneously exposed to solvents showed a significantly elevated CCI (P = 0.0044). No significant correlation emerged between trichloroacetid acid excretion in the urine or the cumulative exposure index and the CCI. Conclusion: The combination of alcohol intake and occupational exposure to solvents discloses the risk of acquired subclinical color vision defects.     

Postictal Language Dysfunction in Patients with Right or Bilateral Hemispheric Language Localization

Summary: Purpose : As shown previously, when temporal lobe complex partial seizures (TLCPS) originate from the language dominant hemisphere, patients cannot read a test phrase correctly within 60 s of the end of the ictal discharge. We wished to assess whether postictal language testing results discordant with this pattern identified patients with non-left (right hemisphere or mixed) language dominance.
Methods : Since 1988, all patients undergoing video/EEG monitoring at our institution have been given a test phrase to read aloud as soon as a seizure is detected. Inclusion criteria for this study were (a) postictal language testing within 60 s of seizure end for at least one TLCPS, (b) >90% seizure reduction after anterior temporal lobectomy with 2-year minimum follow- follow- up, and (c) language localization by either intracarotid amobarbital test (IAT) or direct electrical stimulation of left hemisphere cortex.
Results : Two hundred twenty-four seizures in 64 patients were analyzed. Discordant postictal language patterns were noted in 10 of 11 patients with IAT documented non-left language dominance and in 15 of 53 with left dominance (p = 0.006; sensitivity 90.9%, specificity 71.7%).
Conclusions : Postictal language testing accurately identifies patients with non-left language dominance and may be useful in selecting appropriate patients for IAT.     

A correlation with type of sulfonamide resistance gene in Escherichia coli and synergy between trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.

Plasmids carrying type I or II sulfonamide-resistance (Sur) genes were evaluated for their effect on synergy between trimethoprim (Tmp) and sulfamethoxyzole (Smx) in E. coli. Strain J53 containing each of three plasmids (R1, pSa, and R388) with the type I Sur gene displayed a synergistic response to Tmp/Smx; strain LE392 containing a plasmid (RSF1010) with the type II Sur gene displayed no synergy. The difference in synergy between type I and type II Sur genes might be explained by the difference in amount of resistant enzyme produced.     

Tumor osteolysis in osteopetrotic mice

Details of the cellular and biochemical mechanisms involved in focal destruction of bone at sites of tumor osteolysis are unknown. It has been shown that tumors from sarcoma (2472) cell lines induce focal osteolysis in mice by stimulating formation and activation of osteoclasts. In this report, the influence of 2472 tumors on the skeletons of osteoclast-deficient animals (op/op) was studied. After op/op femora had been inoculated with 2472 cells, tumors developed and focal osteolysis occurred. There were more osteoclasts per histologic section in sham-injected femora (19 ± 5) than in tumor-bearing femora (412 ± 129) (p < 0.05). The size of the osteoclasts also increased from 304 ± 81 μm² in sham-injected limbs to 407 ± 62 μm² in tumor-bearing limbs (p < 0.001). Conditioned media from 2472 op/op tumor explants contained macrophage colony-stimulating factor. A deficiency of osteoclasts in op/op mice is the result of the absence of this factor; therefore, these data introduce the possibility that macrophage colony-stimulating factor derived from 2472 tumor may be responsible for directing osteoclast-mediated osteolysis at sites of the tumor.     

A comparison study of dynamic visual acuity between athletes and nonathletes

A comparison study of dynamic visual acuity (DVA) was conducted using samples of nonathletic college students and college baseball players. The experimental population consisted of 17 male baseball players ranging in age from 19-24 years. The control population was made up of 25 male graduate students ranging in age from 23-29 years. Subjects reported the direction of a 20/25 "Landolt C" target exhibiting uniform angular motion produced by a projection system. Angular target velocities between 10 deg/sec and 110 deg/sec with an exposure time of 400 ms were used. The results showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups' DVA. The mean DVA for the baseball players was 82.35 deg/sec and 69.90 deg/sec for the control group.