Semicrystalline Lysine Functionalized Precision Polyolefins

A family of semicrystalline polymers with the amino acid lysine regularly and atactically attached along a polyethylene backbone has been prepared via metathesis polymerization. The lysine branches are placed precisely on every 21^st carbon of the polyethylene backbone giving these polymers a perfectly known architecture. Attachment of the amino acid is varied either by using a succinic acid spacer or directionally through its C‐ or N‐terminus. Changes in physical and spectral properties are discussed as a direct consequence of the nature of the amino acid connection and structure. The crystallinity of these polymers is studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS), where it has become clear that the crystalline unit cell resembles that of the pure monomer. Long range order was absent as shown by small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS). Complete deprotection of the amine branch of the lysine moiety of one polymer is discussed both in terms of procedure and its subsequent effect on the material's crystallinity.

     

Immunodetection of CD45 epitopes on the surface of Candida albicans cells in culture and infected human tissues

Candida albicans is a leading cause of disseminated fungal infection in immunocompromised patients. Candida-host cell interactions are mediated at the cell surface. Since blood-group I epitopes have been detected on the surface of C albicans cells, we investigated whether CD45, the molecule that carries the I antigen on human lymphocytes, is present on the C albicans cell surface, in culture and in human tissue specimens of human candidiasis. By using monoclonal antibodies to CD45, CD45RO, and CD45RA, we found a strong immunoreactivity at the cell surface of blastoconidia bearing germ tubes but weak or no immunostaining of the germ tubes themselves. In human tissues, immunostaining of C albicans yeast cells was detected, whereas pseudohyphae were mostly negative. CD45 epitopes on the surface of C albicans might have a role in tissue invasion and dissemination of the fungus. On the other hand, its detection may disturb quantitative non-morphology-based determinations of lymphoid cell populations in infected tissues.     

P2X_2和P2X_3受体在小鼠咽粘膜味蕾内的分布

应用免疫组织化学双标记技术研究ATP受体的P2X2和P2X3受体亚型在小鼠咽部粘膜味蕾和邻近组织内的分布,探究ATP在咽部味觉及一般感觉信号传导中的作用。在咽部各水平粘膜味蕾内均可观察到许多P2X2受体阳性味细胞和基细胞,未见P2X2受体阳性的神经纤维。许多降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)阳性神经纤维围绕在味蕾周围,并发出分支与P2X2受体阳性味细胞和基细胞形成密切接触。P2X3受体多在咽部粘膜上皮味蕾内的神经终末表达,P2X3受体阳性纤维在粘膜基底部形成纤维束并与粘膜下P2X3受体阳性纤维相连,其分支在味蕾基底部形成神经丛,由神经丛发出神经终末到达顶部的味孔和味蕾各部,未见味蕾细胞表达P2X3受体。在无味蕾的粘膜上皮内,也观察到少量P2X3受体阳性神经终末。CGRP阳性纤维缠绕在味蕾周围,并发出分支与味蕾内的P2X3受体阳性纤维形成密切接触。上述结果表明ATP可能是咽粘膜内味觉信号感受与传导的神经递质。     

双氯芬酸钠经皮电穿孔及电离子导入的研究

目的：考察离子导入和电穿孔对双氯芬酸钠经皮渗透的影响。方法：采用双室扩散池和SD大鼠皮、进行双氯芬酸钠饱和水溶液经皮被动扩散、离子导入（0．5mA/cm^2)和电穿孔导入（130V,740ms或100ms,200个脉冲,方波,占空比1：1）的 研究。结果：电穿孔和离子导入均能显著促进双氯芬酸钠的经皮渗透,其增渗倍数分别为25．1和7．5。延长脉冲7时间将改善电穿孔的促渗效果,初步研究表明本实验条件的电穿孔及离子导入未引起皮肤的损伤。结论：电穿孔技术可用于促进小分子解离型药物的经皮渗透。     

Aquaporin-4 autoantibodies in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: comparison between tissue-based and cell-based indirect immunofluorescence assays

Background  

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are severe central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disorders (CNS IDD) characterized by monophasic or relapsing, longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) and/or optic neuritis (ON). A significant proportion of NMOSD patients are seropositive for aquaporin-4 (AQP4) autoantibodies. We compared the AQP4 autoantibody detection rates of tissue-based indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIFA) and cell-based IIFA.     

Our minds are made up--don't confuse us with the facts: commentary on policies concerning children with sexual behavior problems and juvenile sex offenders

This commentary examines four common policy-relevant perceptions of teen and preteen sex offenders-high risk, "specialness," homogeneity, and intransigence. Each perception is contrasted with long-standing as well as more current scientific facts. It is argued that public policies for these youth have been fundamentally driven by misperceptions, resulting in a set of well-intentioned but ultimately flawed policies and practices that are unlikely to deliver either child protection or juvenile justice benefits. These include federal and state policies pertaining to public registration and notification, community management, institutional placement, treatment approaches, and treatment standards. The research evidence about these juveniles is considerably more positive than current policies or clinical practices might suggest, and reflects a sharp disconnect between popular policy-relevant perceptions and the facts as we know them about these diverse cases.