International Family-planning Training for Nurse Practitioners

Since the mid-1970s, the Margaret Sanger Center of Planned Parenthood of New York City has prepared nurses and nurse midwives from less developed countries to be family-planning nurse practitioners. These nurse practitioners then provide services to patients, train other staff, and manage integrated family-planning clinics. More than 120 nurses and nurse midwives have arrived in groups of 10 at the Sanger Center, with 72 attending since 1981. Each course lasts 10 weeks. The core curriculum provides trainees with skills in women's health care including contraception, in training and advocacy, and in management of clinics. Whether, in the current period of scarce resources, cross-cultural training programs of this type remain a worthwhile investment, and if so, which of their components are most important to this success, is assessed.     

Non-invasive temperature imaging of muscles with magnetic resonance imaging using spin-echo sequences

The application of spin-echo magnetic resonance imaging sequences on non-invasive temperature imaging for temperature mapping of human limbs is investigated. In an in vitro expriment performed on a meat sample, the equilibrium magnetisation P and the spin-lattice relaxation time T₁ are calculated from the values for the repetition time TR and the signal intensities obtained by a spin-echo sequence at different tissue temperatures tures as measured by a fibre-optic probe. T₁ is linearly correlated to the tissue temperature, and P is linearly correlated to the reciprocal value of the absolute temperature. Both effects, taken together, lead to a non-linear dependency of the signal intensity on temperature. Therefore a TR leading to maximum temperature dependency of the signal intensity is calculated and used in the futher experiments. In the in vivo experiments, the lower legs of two volunteers are cooled from outside. Images are acquired with a spin-echo sequence (1.5T, TR=1200 ms, TE=10 ms). A rise in signal intensity in the muscle with falling skin temperature is observed, particularly in more peripheral muscle layers. This study shows that spin-echo sequences can be used to monitor temperature changes and temperature differences in living muscle tissue.     

The effect of bone drilling on pain in gonarthrosis

Summary Seventy-seven patients with mild to moderate gonarthrosis of the knee were treated by subchondral bone drilling, and followed for from 2 to 7 years. Patients with generalised arthrosis benefited more than those with unicompartmental involvement. Pain, assessed by a visual analogue scale, was significantly reduced compared with a control group of 16 patients who had a diagnostic arthroscopy only. Drilling is a safe procedure with few complications and can be used in patients when more extensive surgery is not yet indicated or possible.

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Résumé Vingt-sept cas d'arthrose légère ou modérée du genou, diagnostiqués par arthroscopie et traités par forage, ont été revus avec un recul moyen de 4 ans (de 2 à 7 ans). La douleur, évaluée selon la cotation VAS, était diminuée pendant 24 mois en moyenne (1 à 76) dans les deux tiers des cas. Les résultats étaient meilleurs chez les patients présentant une arthrose globale que chez ceux atteints d'une arthrose uni-compartimentale. Ils étaient obtenus aussi bien dans les cas douloureux au repos (n=39) que dans ceux douloureux lors de la mobilisation du genou (n=14). Les complications ont été exceptionnelles (n=1). La douleur était diminuée dans une proportion significativement supérieure dans les genoux traités par forage que dans un groupe de contrôle de 16 cas, n'ayant subi qu'une arthroscopie à visée diagnostique (p=0.006). Le forage est un procédé sûr, n'entraînant que de rares complications. Il est indiqué dans le traitement des douleurs du genou chez les patients ayant une arthrose légère ou modérée, lorsque des interventions plus importantes ne sont ni nécessaires, ni réalisables.

     

Comparison of kinetic parameters for acetylthiocholine, soman, ketamine and fasciculin towards acetylcholinesterase in liposomes and in solution

Purified acetylcholinesterase from bovine brain was reconstituted by a detergent depletion technique into liposomes, prepared from soybean lecithin. The kinetics for the substrate acetylthiocholine and for three inhibitors with very different binding properties was studied. The results were compared with results from corresponding experiments with solubilized enzyme in detergent solution. The reconstituted enzyme showed a higher affinity for acetylthiocholine, ketamine and fasciculin. Parameters unaffected by the reconstitution were: turnover number for the substrate; the non-competitive component in ketamine inhibition and the kinetics for the active site-directed irreversible inhibitor soman.     

Parasternal mediastinal sonography: sensitivity in the detection of anterior mediastinal and subcarinal tumors

Twenty-seven patients with anterior mediastinal and subcarinal mediastinal tumors confirmed by CT and 30 control subjects were prospectively investigated by sonography performed via a parasternal approach in both decubitus positions. The sonograms and CT scans were interpreted blindly by two investigators and the results of the two procedures were compared. In the group of 30 controls, sonography via the right parasternal approach showed the anterior mediastinum in 29 (97%) and the subcarinal space in 27 (90%). Fifteen (94%) of 16 anterior mediastinal tumors and 16 (94%) of 17 subcarinal tumors were identified sonographically. These results show that parasternal sonography is a sensitive technique for the detection of tumors in the anterior mediastinal and subcarinal mediastinal spaces.     

Rural Hospital Inpatient Surgical Volume: Cutting-edge Service or Operating on the Margin?

Surgical services are an important part of modern health care, but providing them to isolated rural citizens is especially difficult. Public policy initiatives could influence the supply, training, and distribution of surgeons, much as they have for rural primary care providers. However, so little is known about the proper distribution of surgeons, their contribution to rural health care, and the safety of rural surgery that policy cannot be shaped with confidence. This study examined the volume and complexity of inpatient surgery in rural Washington state as a first step toward a better understanding of the current status of rural surgical services. Information about rural surgical providers was obtained through telephone interviews with administrators at Washington's 42 rural hospitals. The Washington State Department of Health's Commission Hospital Abstract Recording System (CHARS) data provided a count of the annual surgical admissions at rural hospitals. Diagnosis-related group (DRG) weights were used to measure complexity of rural surgical cases. Surgical volume varied greatly among hospitals, even among those with a similar mix of surgical providers. Many hospitals provided a limited set of basic surgical services, while some performed more complex procedures. None of these rural hospitals could be considered high volume when compared to volumes at Seattle hospitals or to research reference criteria that have assessed volume-outcome relationships for surgical procedures. Several hospitals had very low volumes for some complex procedures, raising a question about the safety of performing them. The leaders of small rural hospitals must recognize not only the fiscal and service benefits of surgical services--and these are considerable--but also the potentially adverse effect of low surgical volume on patient outcomes. Policies that encourage the proper training and distribution of surgeons, the retention of basic rural surgical services, and the rational regionalization of complex surgery are likely to enhance the convenience and safety of surgery for rural citizens.