Role of Estrogens on Human Male Reproductive System

This review focuses on estrogen role on human male physiology. Biological estrogen actions on male reproductive system are summarized with particular regard to the effects of congenital estrogen deprivation in men. The effects of estrogen on spermatogenesis, hormonal secretion and gonadotropin feedback and on sexual behavior are discussed. It is remarked that the role of estrogens in male reproduction is a very recent acquisition in reproductive endocrinology, but it promises new future fields of research to be investigated as well as the possible disclosure of new strategies in clinical practice.     

Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): Process, format, and clinimetric testing plan.

This article presents the revision process, major innovations, and clinimetric testing program for the Movement Disorder Society (MDS)-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), known as the MDS-UPDRS. The UPDRS is the most widely used scale for the clinical study of Parkinson's disease (PD). The MDS previously organized a critique of the UPDRS, which cited many strengths, but recommended revision of the scale to accommodate new advances and to resolve problematic areas. An MDS-UPDRS committee prepared the revision using the recommendations of the published critique of the scale. Subcommittees developed new material that was reviewed by the entire committee. A 1-day face-to-face committee meeting was organized to resolve areas of debate and to arrive at a working draft ready for clinimetric testing. The MDS-UPDRS retains the UPDRS structure of four parts with a total summed score, but the parts have been modified to provide a section that integrates nonmotor elements of PD: I, Nonmotor Experiences of Daily Living; II, Motor Experiences of Daily Living; III, Motor Examination; and IV, Motor Complications. All items have five response options with uniform anchors of 0 = normal, 1 = slight, 2 = mild, 3 = moderate, and 4 = severe. Several questions in Part I and all of Part II are written as a patient/caregiver questionnaire, so that the total rater time should remain approximately 30 minutes. Detailed instructions for testing and data acquisition accompany the MDS-UPDRS in order to increase uniform usage. Multiple language editions are planned. A three-part clinimetric program will provide testing of reliability, validity, and responsiveness to interventions. Although the MDS-UPDRS will not be published until it has successfully passed clinimetric testing, explanation of the process, key changes, and clinimetric programs allow clinicians and researchers to understand and participate in the revision process.     

Patterns of cognitive change over time and relationship to age following successful treatment of Cushing's disease.

Chronically elevated levels of cortisol have been associated with changes in cognitive functioning and brain morphology. Using Cushing's disease as a model to assess the effects of high levels of cortisol on cognitive functioning, 27 patients with Cushing's disease were examined at baseline and three successive follow-up periods up to 18 months after successful surgical treatment. At all follow-up periods, patients were administered cognitive tests as well as measures of plasma and urinary free cortisol. Structural MRIs and a depression measure were taken at baseline and one-year follow-up. Results showed that there is a specific pattern of significant cognitive and morphological improvement following successful treatment. Verbal fluency and recall showed recovery, although brief attention did not. Age of participants was a significant factor as to when recovery of function occurred; younger patients regained and sustained their improvement in cognitive functioning more quickly than older participants. Improvement in verbal recall also was associated with a decrease in cortisol levels as well as an increase in hippocampal formation volume one year after treatment. Overall, these findings suggest that at least some of the deleterious effects of prolonged hypercortisolemia on cognitive functioning are potentially reversible, up to at least 18 months post treatment.     

Human Herpesvirus 6 in Bronchalveolar Lavage Fluid after Lung Transplantation: A Risk Factor for Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome?

Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is the limiting factor to long-term survival after lung transplantation. Previous studies suggested respiratory viral tract infections are associated with the development of BOS. To identify the impact of virus detection in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, we analyzed BAL samples from 87 consecutive lung transplant recipients for human herpesvirus (HHV)-6, Epstein-Barr virus, Herpes simplex virus 1/2, Cytomegalovirus, respiratory syncytical virus and adenovirus by PCR. Acute rejection, BOS and death were recorded for a mean follow-up time of 3.27 +/- 0.47 years. Results of PCR analysis and other potential risk factors were entered into a Cox regression analysis of BOS predictors and death. Only acute rejection was a distinct risk factor for BOS of all stages, death and death from BOS. HHV-6 was detected in 20 patients. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that HHV-6 was associated with an increased risk to develop BOS > orb = stage 1 and death, separate from the risk attributable to acute rejection. Identification of HHV-6 DNA in BAL fluid is a potential risk factor for BOS. Our results warrant further studies to elucidate a possible causal link between HHV-6 and BOS.     

Management guidelines for head injuries in athletics

The spectrum of athletic head injuries is presented with discussion of on-site recognition, definite diagnosis, and specific treatment. Emphasis is placed on the proper medical evaluation of athletes to ensure recovery and prevent serious consequences of repeated injury.     

Safety of virus inactivated antithrombin III concentrate ANTITHROMBIN III IMMUNO (AT III)

In a prospective clinical trial the risk of infection after application of virus inactivated antithrombin III concentrate ANTITHROMBIN III IMMUNO (AT III) was investigated in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery. The study was conducted according to the recommendations of the International Committee on Thrombosis and Hemostasis (ICTH), with the exception that most patients required additional blood products as well as AT III.

Twenty-seven patients were eligible to test for the risk of acquiring hepatitis B. Twenty-six patients could be evaluated in terms of hepatitis NANB transmission considering ALT-levels whereas 20 patients could be tested for anti-HCV one year after surgery. Samples from 78 patients could be monitored for anti-HIV-1. None of these patients showed any signs of infection. AT III IMMUNO seems to be an antithrombin III concentrate with low or absent infectivity.     

Perceived mistreatment of graduating dental students: a retrospective study.

This study assessed types and sources of perceived mistreatment among graduating dental students. A total of 38 of 46 (83 percent) students anonymously completed a mistreatment questionnaire. All 38 students perceived experiencing at least one type of mistreatment from some source and reported an average of about 35 separate incidents. Psychological mistreatment was most frequent with physical mistreatment reported relatively infrequently. Classmates and clinical faculty were the most frequent sources of mistreatment. Sexual harassment was perceived by about one-third of the students. The potentially adverse effects of perceived mistreatment were discussed with a view to improving dental education through an emphasis on stress management, environmental change, and self-responsibility for health designed to enhance the personal growth of each dental student.     

Bilateral complete discoid medial meniscus combined with posterior cyst formation

Bilateral discoid medial menisci is an extremely rare condition of the knee and it can be associated to other pathological findings, including anterior portion cyst formation. We report on the clinical features, radiographic findings, treatment and results of one patient who presented a bilateral medial discoid meniscus combined with posterior portion cyst of the left knee. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first case of bilateral medial discoid meniscus associated with posterior portion cyst formation.     

Remifentanil-induced Postoperative Hyperalgesia and Its Prevention with Small-dose Ketamine

Background: Remifentanil-induced secondary hyperalgesia has been documented experimentally in both animals and healthy human volunteers, but never clinically. This study tested the hypotheses that increased pain sensitivity assessed by periincisional allodynia and hyperalgesia can occur after relatively large-dose intraoperative remifentanil and that small-dose ketamine prevents this hyperalgesia.

Methods: Seventy-five patients undergoing major abdominal surgery were randomly assigned to receive (1) intraoperative remifentanil at 0.05 [mu]g [middle dot]kg-1 [middle dot]min-1 (small-dose remifentanil); (2) intraoperative remifentanil at 0.40 [mu]g [middle dot]kg-1 [middle dot]min-1 (large-dose remifentanil); or (3) intraoperative remifentanil at 0.40 [mu]g [middle dot]kg-1 [middle dot]min-1 and 0.5 mg/kg ketamine just after the induction, followed by an intraoperative infusion of 5 [mu]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1 until skin closure and then 2 [mu]g [middle dot]kg-1 [middle dot]min-1 for 48 h (large-dose remifentanil-ketamine). Pain scores and morphine consumption were recorded for 48 postoperative hours. Quantitative sensory tests, peak expiratory flow measures, and cognitive tests were performed at 24 and 48 h.

Results: Hyperalgesia to von Frey hair stimulation adjacent to the surgical wound and morphine requirements were larger (P < 0.05) and allodynia to von Frey hair stimulation was greater (P < 0.01) in the large-dose remifentanil group compared with the other two groups, which were comparable. There were no significant differences in pain, pressure pain detection threshold with an algometer, peak flow, cognitive tests, or side effects.